"""
description:
    `manager_util` is the lightest module shared across the prestartup_script, main code, and cm-cli of ComfyUI-Manager.
"""
import traceback
import ipaddress
import socket

import aiohttp
import json
import threading
import os
from datetime import datetime
import subprocess
import sys
import re
import logging
import platform
import shlex
from functools import lru_cache
from html import escape, unescape
from html.entities import html5


cache_lock = threading.Lock()

comfyui_manager_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..'))
cache_dir = os.path.join(comfyui_manager_path, '.cache')  # This path is also updated together in **manager_core.update_user_directory**.

use_uv = False
bypass_ssl = False

FLAGGED_NODEPACK_INSTALL_ERROR = (
    'This action is not allowed by the current security configuration. '
    'See the terminal for details.'
)
FLAGGED_NODEPACK_INSTALL_GUIDANCE = (
    'Installation of this flagged CNR version is blocked. To satisfy the additional '
    'flagged-version requirement, choose one of the following:\n'
    '1. Run ComfyUI with loopback-only listeners, for example --listen 127.0.0.1 '
    'or --listen ::1. All configured listen addresses must be loopback.\n'
    '   Do not use bare --listen or any non-loopback address, such as 0.0.0.0 or ::.\n'
    '2. For a trusted private network, set allow_flagged_nodepack_install = true '
    'in the [default] section of ComfyUI-Manager\'s config.ini.\n'
    'Restart ComfyUI after changing the listener or configuration. '
    'All other installation security checks still apply.'
)


def is_loopback_listener(listen_address: str) -> bool:
    """All addresses bound by --listen must resolve exclusively to loopback."""
    if not isinstance(listen_address, str) or not listen_address:
        return False
    for address in listen_address.split(','):
        address = address.strip()
        if not address:
            return False
        try:
            if ipaddress.ip_address(address).is_loopback:
                continue
        except ValueError:
            pass
        try:
            resolved = socket.getaddrinfo(address, None, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        except OSError:
            return False
        if not resolved or any(not ipaddress.ip_address(item[4][0]).is_loopback for item in resolved):
            return False
    return True


def is_cnr_install_allowed(status: str, allow_flagged: bool, listen_address: str) -> bool:
    """Only flagged versions require loopback or the private-network opt-in."""
    return status != 'NodeVersionStatusFlagged' or bool(allow_flagged) or is_loopback_listener(listen_address)


def add_python_path_to_env():
    if platform.system() != "Windows":
        sep = ':'
    else:
        sep = ';'

    os.environ['PATH'] = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)+sep+os.environ['PATH']


@lru_cache(maxsize=2)
def get_pip_cmd(force_uv=False):
    """
    Get the base pip command, with automatic fallback to uv if pip is unavailable.

    Args:
        force_uv (bool): If True, use uv directly without trying pip

    Returns:
        list: Base command for pip operations
    """
    embedded = 'python_embeded' in sys.executable

    # Try pip first (unless forcing uv)
    if not force_uv:
        try:
            test_cmd = [sys.executable] + (['-s'] if embedded else []) + ['-m', 'pip', '--version']
            subprocess.check_output(test_cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, timeout=5)
            return [sys.executable] + (['-s'] if embedded else []) + ['-m', 'pip']
        except Exception:
            logging.warning("[ComfyUI-Manager] `python -m pip` not available. Falling back to `uv`.")

    # Try uv (either forced or pip failed)
    import shutil

    # Try uv as Python module
    try:
        test_cmd = [sys.executable] + (['-s'] if embedded else []) + ['-m', 'uv', '--version']
        subprocess.check_output(test_cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, timeout=5)
        logging.info("[ComfyUI-Manager] Using `uv` as Python module for pip operations.")
        return [sys.executable] + (['-s'] if embedded else []) + ['-m', 'uv', 'pip']
    except Exception:
        pass

    # Try standalone uv
    if shutil.which('uv'):
        logging.info("[ComfyUI-Manager] Using standalone `uv` for pip operations.")
        return ['uv', 'pip']

    # Nothing worked
    logging.error("[ComfyUI-Manager] Neither `python -m pip` nor `uv` are available. Cannot proceed with package operations.")
    raise Exception("Neither `pip` nor `uv` are available for package management")


def make_pip_cmd(cmd):
    """
    Create a pip command by combining the cached base pip command with the given arguments.

    Args:
        cmd (list): List of pip command arguments (e.g., ['install', 'package'])

    Returns:
        list: Complete command list ready for subprocess execution
    """
    global use_uv
    base_cmd = get_pip_cmd(force_uv=use_uv)
    return base_cmd + cmd


# DON'T USE StrictVersion - cannot handle pre_release version
# try:
#     from distutils.version import StrictVersion
# except:
#     print(f"[ComfyUI-Manager]  'distutils' package not found. Activating fallback mode for compatibility.")
class StrictVersion:
    def __init__(self, version_string):
        self.version_string = version_string
        self.major = 0
        self.minor = 0
        self.patch = 0
        self.pre_release = None
        self.parse_version_string()

    def parse_version_string(self):
        parts = self.version_string.split('.')
        if not parts:
            raise ValueError("Version string must not be empty")

        self.major = int(parts[0])
        self.minor = int(parts[1]) if len(parts) > 1 else 0
        self.patch = int(parts[2]) if len(parts) > 2 else 0

        # Handling pre-release versions if present
        if len(parts) > 3:
            self.pre_release = parts[3]

    def __str__(self):
        version = f"{self.major}.{self.minor}.{self.patch}"
        if self.pre_release:
            version += f"-{self.pre_release}"
        return version

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return (self.major, self.minor, self.patch, self.pre_release) == \
            (other.major, other.minor, other.patch, other.pre_release)

    def __lt__(self, other):
        if (self.major, self.minor, self.patch) == (other.major, other.minor, other.patch):
            return self.pre_release_compare(self.pre_release, other.pre_release) < 0
        return (self.major, self.minor, self.patch) < (other.major, other.minor, other.patch)

    @staticmethod
    def pre_release_compare(pre1, pre2):
        if pre1 == pre2:
            return 0
        if pre1 is None:
            return 1
        if pre2 is None:
            return -1
        return -1 if pre1 < pre2 else 1

    def __le__(self, other):
        return self == other or self < other

    def __gt__(self, other):
        return not self <= other

    def __ge__(self, other):
        return not self < other

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not self == other


def simple_hash(input_string):
    hash_value = 0
    for char in input_string:
        hash_value = (hash_value * 31 + ord(char)) % (2**32)

    return hash_value


def is_file_created_within_one_day(file_path):
    if not os.path.exists(file_path):
        return False

    file_creation_time = os.path.getctime(file_path)
    current_time = datetime.now().timestamp()
    time_difference = current_time - file_creation_time

    return time_difference <= 86400


async def get_data(uri, silent=False):
    if not silent:
        print(f"FETCH DATA from: {uri}", end="")

    if uri.startswith("http"):
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession(trust_env=True, connector=aiohttp.TCPConnector(verify_ssl=not bypass_ssl)) as session:
            headers = {
                'Cache-Control': 'no-cache',
                'Pragma': 'no-cache',
                'Expires': '0'
            }
            async with session.get(uri, headers=headers) as resp:
                json_text = await resp.text()
    else:
        with cache_lock:
            with open(uri, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                json_text = f.read()

    try:
        json_obj = json.loads(json_text)
    except Exception as e:
        logging.error(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] An error occurred while fetching '{uri}': {e}")

        return {}

    if not silent:
        print(" [DONE]")

    return json_obj


def get_cache_path(uri):
    cache_uri = str(simple_hash(uri)) + '_' + os.path.basename(uri).replace('&', "_").replace('?', "_").replace('=', "_")
    return os.path.join(cache_dir, cache_uri+'.json')


def get_cache_state(uri):
    cache_uri = get_cache_path(uri)

    if not os.path.exists(cache_uri):
        return "not-cached"
    elif is_file_created_within_one_day(cache_uri):
        return "cached"

    return "expired"


def save_to_cache(uri, json_obj, silent=False):
    cache_uri = get_cache_path(uri)

    with cache_lock:
        with open(cache_uri, "w", encoding='utf-8') as file:
            json.dump(json_obj, file, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
            if not silent:
                logging.info(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] default cache updated: {uri}")


async def get_data_with_cache(uri, silent=False, cache_mode=True, dont_wait=False, dont_cache=False):
    cache_uri = get_cache_path(uri)

    if cache_mode and dont_wait:
        # NOTE: return the cache if possible, even if it is expired, so do not cache
        if not os.path.exists(cache_uri):
            logging.error(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] The network connection is unstable, so it is operating in fallback mode: {uri}")

            return {}
        else:
            if not is_file_created_within_one_day(cache_uri):
                logging.error(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] The network connection is unstable, so it is operating in outdated cache mode: {uri}")

            return await get_data(cache_uri, silent=silent)

    if cache_mode and is_file_created_within_one_day(cache_uri):
        json_obj = await get_data(cache_uri, silent=silent)
    else:
        json_obj = await get_data(uri, silent=silent)
        if not dont_cache:
            with cache_lock:
                with open(cache_uri, "w", encoding='utf-8') as file:
                    json.dump(json_obj, file, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
                    if not silent:
                        logging.info(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] default cache updated: {uri}")

    return json_obj


def sanitize_tag(x):
    return x.replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;')


SAFE_URL_SCHEMES = frozenset({'http', 'https'})
_URL_SCHEME_NOISE = re.compile(r'[\x00-\x20\x7f]')
_URL_HEAD_DELIMITERS = ('/', '?', '#')


def escape_html_attribute(value):
    """Escape a value for a quoted HTML attribute."""
    return escape(str(value), quote=True)


_HTML_ENTITY = re.compile(r'&(#[0-9]+|#[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*);')
_HTML_TEXT_TOKEN = re.compile(_HTML_ENTITY.pattern + "|[&<>\"']")


def unescape_html_entities(text):
    """Decode complete entities once, leaving query keys such as &notebook intact."""
    def replace(match):
        entity = match.group(1)
        if entity.startswith('#'):
            return unescape(match.group(0))
        return html5.get(entity + ';', match.group(0))

    return _HTML_ENTITY.sub(replace, text)


def escape_html_text(value):
    """Escape HTML text without double-escaping existing entities."""
    return _HTML_TEXT_TOKEN.sub(
        lambda m: m.group(0) if m.group(1) else escape_html_attribute(m.group(0)),
        str(value).replace('\x00', ''),
    )


def sanitize_url(url):
    """Allow HTTP(S), relative URLs and anchors.

    HTML callers must also escape the result as an attribute."""
    raw = '' if url is None else str(url)
    probe = _URL_SCHEME_NOISE.sub('', raw)
    if not probe:
        return '#'

    cut = len(probe)
    for delimiter in _URL_HEAD_DELIMITERS:
        found = probe.find(delimiter)
        if found != -1:
            cut = min(cut, found)
    head = probe[:cut]

    if ':' in head:
        return raw.strip() if head.split(':', 1)[0].lower() in SAFE_URL_SCHEMES else '#'

    return raw.strip()


def sanitize_html_fragment(fragment):
    """Sanitize notice HTML, preserving its formatting and opening links safely."""
    # prestartup_script imports this module before installing dependencies.
    import nh3

    return nh3.clean(
        '' if fragment is None else str(fragment),
        tags=nh3.ALLOWED_TAGS | {'font'},
        attributes={
            **nh3.ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES,
            '*': {'class', 'title', 'align', 'width', 'height'},
            'font': {'color'},
        },
        # These elements previously hid their contents from the notice.
        clean_content_tags={
            'script', 'style', 'iframe', 'object', 'embed', 'svg', 'math',
            'template', 'noscript', 'textarea', 'title',
        },
        url_schemes=SAFE_URL_SCHEMES,
        set_tag_attribute_values={'a': {'target': '_blank'}},
    )


def extract_package_as_zip(file_path, extract_path):
    import zipfile
    try:
        with zipfile.ZipFile(file_path, "r") as zip_ref:
            zip_ref.extractall(extract_path)
            extracted_files = zip_ref.namelist()
        logging.info(f"Extracted zip file to {extract_path}")
        return extracted_files
    except zipfile.BadZipFile:
        logging.error(f"File '{file_path}' is not a zip or is corrupted.")
        return None


pip_map = None


def get_installed_packages(renew=False):
    global pip_map

    if renew or pip_map is None:
        try:
            result = subprocess.check_output(make_pip_cmd(['list']), universal_newlines=True)

            pip_map = {}
            for line in result.split('\n'):
                x = line.strip()
                if x:
                    y = line.split()
                    if y[0] == 'Package' or y[0].startswith('-'):
                        continue

                    normalized_name = y[0].lower().replace('-', '_')
                    pip_map[normalized_name] = y[1]
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
            logging.error("[ComfyUI-Manager] Failed to retrieve the information of installed pip packages.")
            return {}

    return pip_map


def clear_pip_cache():
    global pip_map
    pip_map = None


def parse_requirement_line(line):
    tokens = shlex.split(line)
    if not tokens:
        return None

    package_spec = tokens[0]

    pattern = re.compile(
        r'^(?P<package>[A-Za-z0-9_.+-]+)'
        r'(?P<operator>==|>=|<=|!=|~=|>|<)?'
        r'(?P<version>[A-Za-z0-9_.+-]*)$'
    )
    m = pattern.match(package_spec)
    if not m:
        return None

    package = m.group('package')
    operator = m.group('operator') or None
    version = m.group('version') or None

    index_url = None
    if '--index-url' in tokens:
        idx = tokens.index('--index-url')
        if idx + 1 < len(tokens):
            index_url = tokens[idx + 1]

    res = {'package': package}

    if operator is not None:
        res['operator'] = operator

    if version is not None:
        res['version'] = StrictVersion(version)

    if index_url is not None:
        res['index_url'] = index_url

    return res


torch_torchvision_torchaudio_version_map = {
    '2.7.0': ('0.22.0', '2.7.0'),
    '2.6.0': ('0.21.0', '2.6.0'),
    '2.5.1': ('0.20.0', '2.5.0'),
    '2.5.0': ('0.20.0', '2.5.0'),
    '2.4.1': ('0.19.1', '2.4.1'),
    '2.4.0': ('0.19.0', '2.4.0'),
    '2.3.1': ('0.18.1', '2.3.1'),
    '2.3.0': ('0.18.0', '2.3.0'),
    '2.2.2': ('0.17.2', '2.2.2'),
    '2.2.1': ('0.17.1', '2.2.1'),
    '2.2.0': ('0.17.0', '2.2.0'),
    '2.1.2': ('0.16.2', '2.1.2'),
    '2.1.1': ('0.16.1', '2.1.1'),
    '2.1.0': ('0.16.0', '2.1.0'),
    '2.0.1': ('0.15.2', '2.0.1'),
    '2.0.0': ('0.15.1', '2.0.0'),
}


def torch_rollback(prev):
    spec = prev.split('+')
    if len(spec) > 1:
        platform = spec[1]
    else:
        cmd = make_pip_cmd(['install', '--force', 'torch', 'torchvision', 'torchaudio'])
        subprocess.check_output(cmd, universal_newlines=True)
        logging.error(cmd)
        return

    torch_ver = StrictVersion(spec[0])
    torch_ver = f"{torch_ver.major}.{torch_ver.minor}.{torch_ver.patch}"
    torch_torchvision_torchaudio_ver = torch_torchvision_torchaudio_version_map.get(torch_ver)

    if torch_torchvision_torchaudio_ver is None:
        cmd = make_pip_cmd(['install', '--pre', 'torch', 'torchvision', 'torchaudio',
                            '--index-url', f"https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly/{platform}"])
        logging.info("[ComfyUI-Manager] restore PyTorch to nightly version")
    else:
        torchvision_ver, torchaudio_ver = torch_torchvision_torchaudio_ver
        cmd = make_pip_cmd(['install', f'torch=={torch_ver}', f'torchvision=={torchvision_ver}', f"torchaudio=={torchaudio_ver}",
                            '--index-url', f"https://download.pytorch.org/whl/{platform}"])
        logging.info(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] restore PyTorch to {torch_ver}+{platform}")

    subprocess.check_output(cmd, universal_newlines=True)


class PIPFixer:
    def __init__(self, prev_pip_versions, comfyui_path, manager_files_path):
        self.prev_pip_versions = { **prev_pip_versions }
        self.comfyui_path = comfyui_path
        self.manager_files_path = manager_files_path

    def fix_broken(self):
        new_pip_versions = get_installed_packages(True)

        # remove `comfy` python package
        try:
            if 'comfy' in new_pip_versions:
                cmd = make_pip_cmd(['uninstall', 'comfy'])
                subprocess.check_output(cmd, universal_newlines=True)

                logging.warning("[ComfyUI-Manager] 'comfy' python package is uninstalled.\nWARN: The 'comfy' package is completely unrelated to ComfyUI and should never be installed as it causes conflicts with ComfyUI.")
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error("[ComfyUI-Manager] Failed to uninstall `comfy` python package")
            logging.error(e)

        # fix torch - reinstall torch packages if version is changed
        try:
            if 'torch' not in self.prev_pip_versions or 'torchvision' not in self.prev_pip_versions or 'torchaudio' not in self.prev_pip_versions:
                logging.error("[ComfyUI-Manager] PyTorch is not installed")
            elif self.prev_pip_versions['torch'] != new_pip_versions['torch'] \
                or self.prev_pip_versions['torchvision'] != new_pip_versions['torchvision'] \
                or self.prev_pip_versions['torchaudio'] != new_pip_versions['torchaudio']:
                    torch_rollback(self.prev_pip_versions['torch'])
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error("[ComfyUI-Manager] Failed to restore PyTorch")
            logging.error(e)

        # fix opencv
        try:
            ocp = new_pip_versions.get('opencv-contrib-python')
            ocph = new_pip_versions.get('opencv-contrib-python-headless')
            op = new_pip_versions.get('opencv-python')
            oph = new_pip_versions.get('opencv-python-headless')

            versions = [ocp, ocph, op, oph]
            versions = [StrictVersion(x) for x in versions if x is not None]
            versions.sort(reverse=True)

            if len(versions) > 0:
                # upgrade to maximum version
                targets = []
                cur = versions[0]
                if ocp is not None and StrictVersion(ocp) != cur:
                    targets.append('opencv-contrib-python')
                if ocph is not None and StrictVersion(ocph) != cur:
                    targets.append('opencv-contrib-python-headless')
                if op is not None and StrictVersion(op) != cur:
                    targets.append('opencv-python')
                if oph is not None and StrictVersion(oph) != cur:
                    targets.append('opencv-python-headless')

                if len(targets) > 0:
                    for x in targets:
                        cmd = make_pip_cmd(['install', f"{x}=={versions[0].version_string}"])
                        subprocess.check_output(cmd, universal_newlines=True)

                    logging.info(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] 'opencv' dependencies were fixed: {targets}")
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error("[ComfyUI-Manager] Failed to restore opencv")
            logging.error(e)

        # fix missing frontend
        try:
            # NOTE: package name in requirements is 'comfyui-frontend-package'
            #       but, package name from `pip freeze` is 'comfyui_frontend_package'
            #       but, package name from `uv pip freeze` is 'comfyui-frontend-package'
            #
            #       get_installed_packages returns normalized name (i.e. comfyui_frontend_package)
            if 'comfyui_frontend_package' not in new_pip_versions:
                requirements_path = os.path.join(self.comfyui_path, 'requirements.txt')

                with open(requirements_path, 'r') as file:
                    lines = file.readlines()
                
                front_line = next((line.strip() for line in lines if line.startswith('comfyui-frontend-package')), None)
                if front_line is None:
                    logging.info("[ComfyUI-Manager] Skipped fixing the 'comfyui-frontend-package' dependency because the ComfyUI is outdated.")
                else:
                    cmd = make_pip_cmd(['install', front_line])
                    subprocess.check_output(cmd , universal_newlines=True)
                    logging.info("[ComfyUI-Manager] 'comfyui-frontend-package' dependency were fixed")
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error("[ComfyUI-Manager] Failed to restore comfyui-frontend-package")
            logging.error(e)

        # restore based on custom list
        pip_auto_fix_path = os.path.join(self.manager_files_path, "pip_auto_fix.list")
        if os.path.exists(pip_auto_fix_path):
            with open(pip_auto_fix_path, 'r', encoding="UTF-8", errors="ignore") as f:
                fixed_list = []

                for x in f.readlines():
                    try:
                        parsed = parse_requirement_line(x)
                        need_to_reinstall = True

                        normalized_name = parsed['package'].lower().replace('-', '_')
                        if normalized_name in new_pip_versions:
                            if 'version' in parsed and 'operator' in parsed:
                                cur = StrictVersion(new_pip_versions[normalized_name])
                                dest = parsed['version']
                                op = parsed['operator']
                                if cur == dest:
                                    if op in ['==', '>=', '<=']:
                                        need_to_reinstall = False
                                elif cur < dest:
                                    if op in ['<=', '<', '~=', '!=']:
                                        need_to_reinstall = False
                                elif cur > dest:
                                    if op in ['>=', '>', '~=', '!=']:
                                        need_to_reinstall = False

                        if need_to_reinstall:
                            cmd_args = ['install']
                            if 'version' in parsed and 'operator' in parsed:
                                cmd_args.append(parsed['package']+parsed['operator']+parsed['version'].version_string)

                            if 'index_url' in parsed:
                                cmd_args.append('--index-url')
                                cmd_args.append(parsed['index_url'])

                            cmd = make_pip_cmd(cmd_args)
                            subprocess.check_output(cmd, universal_newlines=True)

                            fixed_list.append(parsed['package'])
                    except Exception as e:
                        traceback.print_exc()
                        logging.error(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] Failed to restore '{x}'")
                        logging.error(e)

                if len(fixed_list) > 0:
                    logging.info(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] dependencies in pip_auto_fix.json were fixed: {fixed_list}")

def sanitize(data):
    return data.replace("<", "&lt;").replace(">", "&gt;")


def sanitize_filename(input_string):
    result_string = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9_]', '_', input_string)
    return result_string


def robust_readlines(fullpath):
    import chardet
    try:
        with open(fullpath, "r") as f:
            return f.readlines()
    except:
        encoding = None
        with open(fullpath, "rb") as f:
            raw_data = f.read()
            result = chardet.detect(raw_data)
            encoding = result['encoding']

        if encoding is not None:
            with open(fullpath, "r", encoding=encoding) as f:
                return f.readlines()

        print(f"[ComfyUI-Manager] Failed to recognize encoding for: {fullpath}")
        return []


def restore_pip_snapshot(pips, options):
    non_url = []
    local_url = []
    non_local_url = []

    for k, v in pips.items():
        # NOTE: skip torch related packages
        if k.startswith("torch==") or k.startswith("torchvision==") or k.startswith("torchaudio==") or k.startswith("nvidia-"):
            continue

        if v == "":
            non_url.append(k)
        else:
            if v.startswith('file:'):
                local_url.append(v)
            else:
                non_local_url.append(v)


    # restore other pips
    failed = []
    if '--pip-non-url' in options:
        # try all at once
        res = 1
        try:
            res = subprocess.check_output(make_pip_cmd(['install'] + non_url))
        except Exception:
            pass

        # fallback
        if res != 0:
            for x in non_url:
                res = 1
                try:
                    res = subprocess.check_output(make_pip_cmd(['install', '--no-deps', x]))
                except Exception:
                    pass

                if res != 0:
                    failed.append(x)

    if '--pip-non-local-url' in options:
        for x in non_local_url:
            res = 1
            try:
                res = subprocess.check_output(make_pip_cmd(['install', '--no-deps', x]))
            except Exception:
                pass

            if res != 0:
                failed.append(x)

    if '--pip-local-url' in options:
        for x in local_url:
            res = 1
            try:
                res = subprocess.check_output(make_pip_cmd(['install', '--no-deps', x]))
            except Exception:
                pass

            if res != 0:
                failed.append(x)

    print(f"Installation failed for pip packages: {failed}")