"""Image and gallery API routes for PromptManager."""

import asyncio
import base64
import binascii
import functools
import hashlib
import hmac
import json
import os
import re
import threading
import time as _time
import urllib.parse
from bisect import bisect_left, bisect_right
from collections.abc import Mapping
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Callable, NamedTuple

from aiohttp import web
from PIL import Image, UnidentifiedImageError

from .jobs import MAX_OUTCOME_ROWS, THUMBNAILS_JOB_KIND
from .prompts import bad_request, parse_page_params, publish_image_paths
from .prompts import thumbnail_url_for
from .prompts import safe_error_message as _safe_error
from .inspection_service import (
    CurrentFileChanged,
    IMAGE_EXTENSIONS as _IMAGE_EXTENSIONS,
    SERVABLE_EXTENSIONS,
    VIDEO_EXTENSIONS,
    inspect_current_file,
)

try:
    from ...database.image_favorites import MAX_KEY_LENGTH
    from ...database.library import display_title
    from ...database.models import normalize_image_path
    from ...utils.card_seed import card_seed, header_params, parsed_positive
    from ...utils.parallel import map_parallel
    from ...utils.json_strict import dumps_strict
    from ...utils.inspection_response import (
        encode_inspection_response,
        library_metadata,
    )
    from ...utils.prompt_inspector import MetadataReadError, read_inspection_file
    from ...utils.file_reveal import (
        OpenerUnavailable,
        RevealGate,
        RevealTargetChanged,
        is_local_request,
        reveal_executor,
        reveal_in_file_manager,
    )
except ImportError:
    from database.image_favorites import MAX_KEY_LENGTH
    from database.library import display_title
    from database.models import normalize_image_path
    from utils.card_seed import card_seed, header_params, parsed_positive
    from utils.parallel import map_parallel
    from utils.json_strict import dumps_strict
    from utils.inspection_response import (
        encode_inspection_response,
        library_metadata,
    )
    from utils.prompt_inspector import MetadataReadError, read_inspection_file
    from utils.file_reveal import (
        OpenerUnavailable,
        RevealGate,
        RevealTargetChanged,
        is_local_request,
        reveal_executor,
        reveal_in_file_manager,
    )


IMAGE_EXTENSIONS = _IMAGE_EXTENSIONS
# The header records the card parses (see utils.card_seed.header_params).
_CARD_RECORDS = ("prompt", "workflow")
_PNG_SIGNATURE = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
_LISTING_FAILED = "The image list could not be filtered. Check server logs for details."


def _card_header(path: Path) -> tuple:
    """``(width, height, records)`` of one image card, every handle closed.

    A PNG's records come from the inspector's own reader
    (``read_inspection_file``: text after IDAT, the shared byte budgets, and
    the refusal of conflicting duplicate prompt or workflow chunks), so the
    card reads exactly what the inspector reads. When that reader refuses the
    file, the card keeps its dimensions and gets no records. Other formats
    keep Pillow's header ``info``, as the inspector's header read does.
    Raises OSError or ValueError for a file that cannot be read at all.
    """
    with path.open("rb") as stream:
        if stream.read(len(_PNG_SIGNATURE)) != _PNG_SIGNATURE:
            stream.seek(0)
            with Image.open(stream) as source:
                width, height = source.size
                return width, height, {k: source.info.get(k) for k in _CARD_RECORDS}
    try:
        inspection = read_inspection_file(path)
    except MetadataReadError:
        with path.open("rb") as stream, Image.open(stream) as source:
            width, height = source.size
        return width, height, None
    records = {k: inspection.metadata.get(k) for k in _CARD_RECORDS}
    return inspection.width, inspection.height, records


# The legacy gallery page's thumbnail generation, as Activity lists it (D80).
THUMBNAIL_GENERATION_TITLE = "Thumbnail generation (gallery page)"


class _CardFacts(NamedTuple):
    """One image file's card facts, derived from its header alone.

    Cached per gallery scan by ``(path, mtime)`` (see ``_card_facts``); links
    and favorites are read fresh on every page.
    """

    width: int | None
    height: int | None
    seed: str | None
    positive_title: str | None  # _positive_title of the parsed positive


_NO_CARD_FACTS = _CardFacts(None, None, None, None)


def _unavailable_link() -> dict:
    """A card link summary when the database could not be read."""
    return {
        "status": "unavailable",
        "positive_id": None,
        "title": None,
        "title_source": None,
        "category": None,
        "rating": None,
    }


def _positive_title(positive: str | None) -> str | None:
    """The display title of a file's parsed positive (None without one)."""
    return None if positive is None else display_title((), positive)


def _verified_title(summary: dict | None, positive_title: str | None) -> str | None:
    """A linked file's Library title, withholding unconfirmed saved prompt text.

    The one rule for the card and the inspector. A stored title is user data and
    always shows. A title taken from the saved positive's first line shows only
    when ``positive_title`` (``_positive_title`` of the file's own positive as
    the shared parser reads it from the file's records) is the same title: a
    saved association never replaces file evidence.
    """
    if not isinstance(summary, dict) or summary.get("status") != "linked":
        return None
    title = summary.get("title")
    if summary.get("title_source") != "text":
        return title
    confirmed = positive_title is not None and positive_title == title
    return title if confirmed else None


def _card_link(summary: dict, positive_title: str | None) -> dict:
    """The card's link summary with an unconfirmed first-line title withheld."""
    if summary.get("title_source") != "text":
        return summary
    return {**summary, "title": _verified_title(summary, positive_title)}


def _inspected_positive(observed: dict) -> str | None:
    """The positive the shared parser reads from the inspected file's records.

    Videos give None, as on the card, which reads no video metadata.
    """
    inspection = observed.get("inspection")
    if inspection is None or observed["file"]["media_type"] == "video":
        return None
    return parsed_positive(header_params(inspection.metadata))


def _public_path(path):
    """Response-safe form of *path* (relative to the ComfyUI tree).

    Imported lazily: the package defines it after importing this module.
    """
    from . import _public_path as public_path

    return public_path(path)


def _canonical(path):
    """Resolve symlinks and normalise case so paths compare on every OS."""
    return Path(os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(str(path))))


def _is_within(path, root):
    """True when *path* (after realpath) lives under *root* (after realpath)."""
    return _canonical(path).is_relative_to(_canonical(root))


def _has_traversal(relative):
    """True for absolute paths, drive-qualified paths or any ``..`` segment."""
    if not relative or os.path.isabs(relative) or os.path.splitdrive(relative)[0]:
        return True
    if relative[0] in ("/", "\\"):
        return True
    return ".." in re.split(r"[\\/]+", relative)


def _forbidden(message="Access denied"):
    return web.json_response({"success": False, "error": message}, status=403)


def _media_access_error(path, allowed_dirs):
    """Return a 403 response when *path* must not be served, else None.

    Fails closed: an empty *allowed_dirs* denies everything.
    """
    if Path(path).suffix.lower() not in SERVABLE_EXTENSIONS:
        return _forbidden("Only media files can be served")
    if not allowed_dirs:
        return _forbidden("No allowed image directories configured")
    if not any(_is_within(path, root) for root in allowed_dirs):
        return _forbidden()
    return None


# Media types the gallery scans and thumbnails (a superset is never served).
GALLERY_IMAGE_EXTENSIONS = frozenset({".png", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".webp", ".gif"})
MEDIA_EXTENSIONS = GALLERY_IMAGE_EXTENSIONS | VIDEO_EXTENSIONS

# Caps on request-triggered filesystem work.
MAX_SCAN_DEPTH = 12
MAX_THUMBNAIL_FILES = 10_000
# Already-fresh files a thumbnail job lists under Skipped (its counter stays exact).
MAX_FRESH_LISTED = MAX_OUTCOME_ROWS


def _worker_threads():
    """Configured thread count for thumbnail work.

    Imported lazily because py.config imports this package.
    """
    from ..config import PromptManagerConfig

    return PromptManagerConfig.WORKER_THREADS


def _thumbnail_batch_size(workers):
    """Files per executor job: enough to keep every worker thread busy."""
    return max(4, workers * 2)


def _temp_sibling(dst):
    """Hidden temp path next to *dst* that keeps its extension (for format sniffing)."""
    dst = Path(dst)
    token = f"{os.getpid()}-{threading.get_ident()}"
    return dst.with_name(f".{dst.stem}.part-{token}{dst.suffix}")


def _atomic_save(img, dst, fmt=None, **save_kwargs):
    """Save a PIL image to *dst* without a partially written file ever being
    visible at that path: write a temp sibling, then rename over it."""
    tmp = _temp_sibling(dst)
    try:
        img.save(tmp, fmt, **save_kwargs)
        os.replace(tmp, dst)
    finally:
        if tmp.exists():
            tmp.unlink()


# Encoder settings per thumbnail quality (the System thumbnail dialog's
# "Medium · optimized", "High · original", "Low · fastest"). The legacy
# routes always encode as "medium", which is what they always wrote.
THUMBNAIL_ENCODINGS = {
    "low": {"quality": 70, "optimize": False},
    "medium": {"quality": 85, "optimize": True},
    "high": {"quality": 95, "optimize": True},
}
DEFAULT_THUMBNAIL_ENCODING = THUMBNAIL_ENCODINGS["medium"]
# ffmpeg's JPEG scale (-q:v, 2 best to 31 worst) for each encoding's quality.
_FFMPEG_QSCALE = {95: 2, 85: 4, 70: 8}

# A preview that could not be replaced (#249 S5 M6). Windows refuses to rename
# over a file another process has open (WinError 5 or 32), such as a preview
# the gallery is serving; the old preview stays and the file counts as an error.
PREVIEW_IN_USE = "Preview in use by another program; the old one was kept"
PREVIEW_NOT_WRITABLE = "Permission denied writing the preview"
_WINDOWS_LOCKED = (5, 32)  # ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION


def _preview_write_error(exc):
    """The readable error for a PermissionError while writing a preview."""
    if getattr(exc, "winerror", None) in _WINDOWS_LOCKED:
        return PREVIEW_IN_USE
    return PREVIEW_NOT_WRITABLE


def _ffmpeg_qscale(encoding):
    """ffmpeg's ``-q:v`` for a THUMBNAIL_ENCODINGS entry."""
    return str(_FFMPEG_QSCALE.get(encoding["quality"], 4))


def _write_image_thumbnail(src, dst, thumbnail_size, encoding=None):
    """Resize *src* into *dst* (blocking PIL work), atomically.

    ``encoding`` is one of THUMBNAIL_ENCODINGS (medium when None); a PNG
    preview keeps only its ``optimize`` flag.
    """
    encoding = encoding or DEFAULT_THUMBNAIL_ENCODING
    with Image.open(src) as img:
        if img.mode in ("RGBA", "LA", "P"):
            img = img.convert("RGB")
        img.thumbnail(thumbnail_size, Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
        save_kwargs = dict(encoding)
        if dst.suffix.lower() == ".png":
            save_kwargs = {"optimize": encoding["optimize"]}
        _atomic_save(img, dst, **save_kwargs)


def _new_thumbnail_stats():
    return {"generated": 0, "skipped": 0, "errors": []}


def _record_thumbnail_result(stats, result):
    action = result["action"]
    if action == "generated":
        stats["generated"] += 1
    elif action == "skipped":
        stats["skipped"] += 1
    else:
        stats["errors"].append(f"{result['file']}: {result.get('error', 'failed')}")


def _thumbnail_progress_payload(index, total, stats, result, start):
    elapsed = _time.monotonic() - start
    rate = index / elapsed if elapsed > 0 else 0
    eta = (total - index) / rate if rate > 0 else 0
    return {
        "processed": index,
        "total_images": total,
        "generated": stats["generated"],
        "skipped": stats["skipped"],
        "error_count": len(stats["errors"]),
        "percentage": round(index / total * 100, 1) if total else 100.0,
        "rate": round(rate, 1),
        "eta": round(eta),
        "elapsed": round(elapsed, 1),
        "current_file": f"{result['dir']}/{result['file']}",
        "file_type": result["type"],
        "action": result["action"],
    }


def _thumbnail_complete_payload(total, stats, start, remaining=0, processed=None):
    """Final payload of a thumbnail run.

    ``total`` counts every media file considered (pending, already fresh and
    left over), ``processed`` the files this run actually worked on (defaults
    to ``total``) and ``remaining`` the pending files left for the next run
    because of MAX_THUMBNAIL_FILES.
    """
    elapsed = _time.monotonic() - start
    processed = total if processed is None else processed
    errors = stats["errors"]
    message = (
        f"Generated {stats['generated']} new thumbnails, "
        f"skipped {stats['skipped']} existing"
    )
    if remaining:
        message += f", {remaining} more to generate on the next run"
    if errors:
        message += f" ({len(errors)} errors occurred)"
    return {
        "count": stats["generated"],
        "skipped": stats["skipped"],
        "total_images": total,
        "remaining": remaining,
        "errors": errors[:10],
        "error_count": len(errors),
        "elapsed_time": round(elapsed, 2),
        "processing_rate": round(processed / elapsed if elapsed > 0 else 0, 2),
        "message": message,
    }


def _thumbnail_is_fresh(src, dst):
    """True when ``dst`` exists and is at least as new as ``src`` (blocking stat)."""
    try:
        return dst.stat().st_mtime >= src.stat().st_mtime
    except OSError:
        return False


# Caps on request-driven work (list sizes, scans, request bodies).
MAX_GALLERY_FILES = 50_000
MAX_BULK_LIMIT = 5_000
MAX_JSON_BODY_BYTES = 1024 * 1024
_READ_CHUNK = 64 * 1024


_WORKSPACE_CURSOR_SECRET = os.urandom(32)


def _workspace_root(query: dict, roots: list[Path]) -> int | None:
    value = query.get("root")
    if value is None:
        return None
    try:
        index = int(value)
    except ValueError:
        raise ValueError("Invalid gallery root") from None
    if not 0 <= index < len(roots):
        raise ValueError("Invalid gallery root")
    return index


WORKSPACE_ORDERS = ("newest", "oldest", "name", "name-desc", "rating")
# Library-compatible bounds on the linked-positive filters (database/library.py).
MAX_FILTER_CATEGORY = 200
MAX_FILTER_TAGS = 30
MAX_FILTER_TAG = 200


class _Listed(NamedTuple):
    """One listed file plus the derived values every filter and sort reads.

    Built once per gallery scan (see ``_workspace_orders``); the first four
    fields are the ``(path, mtime, root, index)`` entry the page formatter takes.
    """

    path: Path
    mtime: float
    root: Path
    index: int
    folded: str  # relative POSIX path, case-folded (filename search)
    folder: str  # str(relative.parent), native separators (subfolder filter)
    name: str  # case-folded basename (name sorts)
    tie: str  # sha256 of the relative POSIX path (bounded tie-break)
    video: bool
    normalized: str  # normalize_image_path, compared with linked rows


def _listed(path: Path, mtime: float, root: Path, index: int) -> _Listed:
    text, prefix = str(path), os.path.join(str(root), "")
    relative = (
        text[len(prefix) :] if text.startswith(prefix) else str(path.relative_to(root))
    )
    posix = relative if os.sep == "/" else relative.replace(os.sep, "/")
    name = relative.rpartition(os.sep)[2]
    return _Listed(
        path,
        mtime,
        root,
        index,
        posix.casefold(),
        os.path.dirname(relative) or ".",
        name.casefold(),
        hashlib.sha256(posix.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(),
        os.path.splitext(name)[1].lower() in VIDEO_EXTENSIONS,
        normalize_image_path(text),
    )


class _ImageTagMatch(NamedTuple):
    """How one listed file's current image tags meet the filters (#249 B3)."""

    tags: bool  # every filter tag is in its image tags or linked positive tags
    query: bool  # ``q`` is a case-folded substring of one image tag name
    link: tuple | None  # (hit, rating, positive id) of its unambiguous link


def _current_fingerprint(path: Path) -> tuple[int, int] | None:
    """The file's present ``(st_size, st_mtime_ns)``; None when it is gone."""
    try:
        observed = os.stat(path)
    except OSError:
        return None
    return observed.st_size, observed.st_mtime_ns


def _image_tags_relevant(names: list, wanted: set, query: str) -> bool:
    if wanted and not wanted.isdisjoint(names):
        return True
    return bool(query) and any(query in name.casefold() for name in names)


def _workspace_key(entry: tuple, order: str) -> tuple:
    """The keyset sort key of *entry* (a _Listed or a 4-tuple entry)."""
    if not isinstance(entry, _Listed):
        entry = _listed(*entry)
    if order in ("name", "name-desc"):
        return (entry.name, entry.tie, entry.index, entry.mtime)
    mtime = -entry.mtime if order in ("newest", "rating") else entry.mtime
    return (mtime, entry.name, entry.tie, entry.index)


def _rated_key(entry: _Listed, rank: int) -> tuple:
    """Highest rated: rating 5..1, linked unrated (0), unlinked (-1); then newest."""
    return (-rank, *_workspace_key(entry, "rating"))


def _workspace_cursor(key: tuple, scope: str) -> str:
    payload = json.dumps(
        {"v": 1, "scope": scope, "key": key}, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=False
    ).encode()
    signature = hmac.new(_WORKSPACE_CURSOR_SECRET, payload, hashlib.sha256).digest()
    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(signature + payload).decode().rstrip("=")


def _workspace_cursor_key(token: str, scope: str, order: str) -> tuple:
    try:
        if len(token) > 4096:
            raise ValueError()
        raw = base64.b64decode(
            token + "=" * (-len(token) % 4), altchars=b"-_", validate=True
        )
        signature, payload = raw[:32], raw[32:]
        expected = hmac.new(_WORKSPACE_CURSOR_SECRET, payload, hashlib.sha256).digest()
        if not hmac.compare_digest(signature, expected):
            raise ValueError()
        data = json.loads(payload)
        key = data["key"]
        if data["v"] != 1 or data["scope"] != scope or not isinstance(key, list):
            raise ValueError()
        types = (
            (str, str, int, (float, int))
            if order in ("name", "name-desc")
            else ((float, int), str, str, int)
        )
        if order == "rating":
            types = (int, *types)
        if len(key) != len(types) or not all(
            type(value) in (kind if isinstance(kind, tuple) else (kind,))
            for value, kind in zip(key, types)
        ):
            raise ValueError()
        return tuple(key)
    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, UnicodeError, binascii.Error):
        raise ValueError("Invalid gallery cursor; refresh the gallery") from None


class _BodyTooLarge(Exception):
    """Raised when a request body exceeds MAX_JSON_BODY_BYTES."""


def _json_error(message, status):
    return web.json_response({"success": False, "error": message}, status=status)


async def _read_json_body(request):
    """Read a JSON object body in bounded chunks.

    Raises _BodyTooLarge past MAX_JSON_BODY_BYTES (declared or streamed) and
    ValueError when the body is not a JSON object.
    """
    limit = MAX_JSON_BODY_BYTES
    if request.content_length is not None and request.content_length > limit:
        raise _BodyTooLarge()
    chunks, size = [], 0
    while True:
        chunk = await request.content.read(_READ_CHUNK)
        if not chunk:
            break
        size += len(chunk)
        if size > limit:
            raise _BodyTooLarge()
        chunks.append(chunk)
    data = json.loads(b"".join(chunks).decode("utf-8"))
    if not isinstance(data, dict):
        raise ValueError("JSON body must be an object")
    return data


async def _json_body_or_error(request):
    """Return ``(data, None)`` or ``(None, error_response)``."""
    try:
        return await _read_json_body(request), None
    except _BodyTooLarge:
        return None, _json_error("Request body too large", 413)
    except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError):
        return None, _json_error("Invalid JSON body", 400)


MAX_FAVORITE_PATH = 4096


def _favorite_target(data: Mapping, roots: list[Path]):
    """``((index, relative), None)`` for a favorite body, else ``(None, error)``.

    Rejects unknown roots, traversal, absolute or drive paths and non-media
    names before any filesystem or database access.
    """
    index, relative = data.get("root_index"), data.get("path")
    if type(index) is not int or not 0 <= index < len(roots):
        return None, bad_request("Invalid gallery root")
    if (
        not isinstance(relative, str)
        or not relative
        or len(relative) > MAX_FAVORITE_PATH
    ):
        return None, bad_request("path must be a relative media path")
    if (
        _has_traversal(relative)
        or "\0" in relative
        or re.match(r"^[a-zA-Z]:", relative)
    ):
        return None, _forbidden()
    if Path(relative).suffix.lower() not in MEDIA_EXTENSIONS:
        return None, _forbidden("Only media files can be favorites")
    return (index, relative), None


def _reveal_target(data: Mapping):
    """``((index, scope, relative), None)`` for a reveal body, else an error.

    Only the listing identity is accepted: an int root index, the root's
    64-hex scope and a bounded root-relative path, never an absolute,
    drive-qualified or ``..`` path.
    """
    index, scope, relative = (
        data.get("root_index"),
        data.get("root_scope"),
        data.get("path"),
    )
    if type(index) is not int or index < 0:
        return None, bad_request("Invalid gallery root")
    if not isinstance(scope, str) or re.fullmatch(r"[0-9a-f]{64}", scope) is None:
        return None, bad_request("Invalid gallery root scope")
    if (
        not isinstance(relative, str)
        or not relative
        or len(relative) > MAX_FAVORITE_PATH
        or "\0" in relative
        or _has_traversal(relative)
        or re.match(r"^[a-zA-Z]:", relative)
    ):
        return None, bad_request("path must be a relative media path")
    return (index, scope, relative), None


def _reveal_not_found():
    return web.json_response(
        {"success": False, "error": "Image file not found"}, status=404
    )


def _not_local():
    return web.json_response(
        {
            "success": False,
            "code": "not-local",
            "error": "Show in folder works only on the computer running ComfyUI.",
        },
        status=403,
    )


# The path module whose case rules key favorites (tests swap in ntpath).
_path_flavor = os.path


def _favorite_relative_key(relative: str) -> str:
    """Case-normalized POSIX key of a root-relative path.

    Lowercased with "/" separators where the platform folds case (Windows),
    identity on POSIX, so a case-only rename keeps its favorite on Windows
    and distinct Linux files stay distinct.
    """
    return _path_flavor.normcase(relative).replace(_path_flavor.sep, "/")


def _favorite_root_key(root) -> str:
    """Server-side identity of a gallery root: its real, case-normalized path.

    Never sent in a response; folder names alone are not unique across roots.
    """
    return _favorite_relative_key(os.path.realpath(str(root)))


def _iter_media_files(output_path, max_files):
    """Yield media files under *output_path* with bounded effort.

    Symlinks are never followed, ``thumbnails/`` is skipped, descent stops
    at MAX_SCAN_DEPTH and at most *max_files* paths are produced.
    """
    output_path = Path(output_path)
    root_depth = len(output_path.parts)
    produced = 0
    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(output_path):
        root_path = Path(root)
        rel_parts = root_path.parts[root_depth:]
        if "thumbnails" in rel_parts:
            dirs[:] = []
            continue
        if len(rel_parts) >= MAX_SCAN_DEPTH:
            dirs[:] = []
        for name in sorted(files):
            if Path(name).suffix.lower() not in MEDIA_EXTENSIONS:
                continue
            if (root_path / name).is_symlink():
                continue  # never read through a link out of the output tree
            if produced >= max_files:
                return
            produced += 1
            yield root_path / name


def media_thumbnail_url(output_path, rel_path, root_index, *, root_scope=None):
    """The Images listing's thumbnail URL for *rel_path* under *output_path*,
    or None when no thumbnail exists (one blocking stat). The Needs review
    queue cards use the same URL (#249 F, M10)."""
    rel_path = Path(rel_path)
    extension = rel_path.suffix.lower()
    thumb_rel = (
        f"thumbnails/{rel_path.with_suffix('').as_posix()}_thumb"
        f"{'.jpg' if extension in VIDEO_EXTENSIONS else extension}"
    )
    thumbnail_url = thumbnail_url_for(thumb_rel, Path(output_path) / thumb_rel)
    if thumbnail_url is None:
        return None
    thumbnail_url += f"&root={root_index}"
    if root_scope is not None:
        thumbnail_url += f"&root_scope={root_scope}"
    return thumbnail_url


def _output_image_entry(
    media_path, output_path, root_index, public_root=None, *, root_scope=None
):
    """Build one gallery entry for *media_path* (blocking stat).

    ``path`` is relative to its root (what delete/autotag resolve against) and
    ``root_dir`` is the root's public form; neither reveals the server layout.
    """
    if public_root is None:
        public_root = _public_path(output_path)
    stat = media_path.stat()
    rel_path = media_path.relative_to(output_path)
    extension = media_path.suffix.lower()
    is_video = extension in VIDEO_EXTENSIONS

    thumbnail_url = media_thumbnail_url(
        output_path, rel_path, root_index, root_scope=root_scope
    )
    encoded_path = urllib.parse.quote(rel_path.as_posix(), safe="/")
    url = f"/prompt_manager/images/serve/{encoded_path}?root={root_index}"
    if root_scope is not None:
        url += f"&root_scope={root_scope}"

    entry = {
        "id": hashlib.sha1(
            str(media_path).encode("utf-8"), usedforsecurity=False
        ).hexdigest()[:16],
        "filename": media_path.name,
        "path": rel_path.as_posix(),
        "relative_path": str(rel_path),
        "root_dir": public_root,
        "root_index": root_index,
        "url": url,
        "thumbnail_url": thumbnail_url,
        "size": stat.st_size,
        "modified_time": stat.st_mtime,
        "extension": extension,
        "media_type": "video" if is_video else "image",
        "is_video": is_video,
    }
    if root_scope is not None:
        entry["root_scope"] = root_scope
    return entry


def _workspace_filters(query: Mapping) -> dict:
    """Validate the workspace listing's filter and sort parameters.

    ``q`` (at most 500 characters) matches the relative path, case-folded, and
    the linked positive's text, title and tag names. ``category`` is exact,
    ``tags`` is a comma list that must all be present, ``sort=rating`` ranks by
    the linked positive, and ``favorites=1`` keeps only favorites (the
    Favorites page, #249 D51). Raises ValueError for any unknown or oversized
    value.
    """
    text = query.get("q", "").strip()
    folded = text.casefold()
    media = query.get("media", "all")
    order = query.get("sort", "newest")
    folder = query.get("subfolder", "").strip().replace("\\", "/")
    # ``path``: one exact relative path (Activity opens a scan row by it, D57).
    exact = query.get("path", "").strip().replace("\\", "/")
    category = query.get("category", "").strip() or None
    tags = sorted(
        {tag.strip() for tag in query.get("tags", "").split(",") if tag.strip()}
    )
    favorites = query.get("favorites", "0")
    if (
        favorites not in ("0", "1")
        or len(text) > 500
        or len(folded) > 500
        or media not in ("all", "image", "video")
        or order not in WORKSPACE_ORDERS
        or (category is not None and len(category) > MAX_FILTER_CATEGORY)
        or len(tags) > MAX_FILTER_TAGS
        or any(len(tag) > MAX_FILTER_TAG for tag in tags)
    ):
        raise ValueError("Invalid gallery filters")
    if folder and (_has_traversal(folder) or len(folder) > 1024):
        raise ValueError("Invalid gallery folder")
    if exact and (_has_traversal(exact) or len(exact) > 1024):
        raise ValueError("Invalid gallery path")
    return {
        "text": text,
        "query": folded,
        "media": media,
        "order": order,
        "folder": folder,
        "path": exact.casefold(),
        "category": category,
        "tags": tags,
        "favorites": favorites == "1",
    }


# A plain listing's cursor page leaves positive_count out (see
# _select_workspace_page); None instead means the count could not be read.
_COUNT_OMITTED = object()


def _filtered_page(
    entries: list,
    start: int,
    size: int,
    filters: dict,
    links: dict | None,
    favorites: frozenset | None = None,
    image_tags: dict | None = None,
) -> tuple[int, list, int | None]:
    """Count the *entries* the filters admit and take *size* from *start* on.

    *links* maps normalized paths to (hit, rating, positive id) for every
    unambiguously linked image (see PromptDatabase.get_image_link_matches); a
    category or tag filter admits only those, and ``q`` admits a filename match
    or a linked-positive hit. Returns the total, the page and the number of
    distinct linked positives among all admitted entries (None without links).
    *favorites*, when given, admits only those listed paths (``favorites=1``).
    *image_tags* maps normalized paths to their _ImageTagMatch: a tag filter
    also admits a file whose current image tags (with its linked positive's
    tags) carry every tag, and ``q`` also admits an image tag name hit.
    """
    query, media, folder = filters["query"], filters["media"], filters["folder"]
    members_only = filters["category"] is not None or bool(filters["tags"])
    native_folder = folder.replace("/", os.sep)
    nested = native_folder + os.sep
    total, page, positives = 0, [], set()
    exact = filters.get("path", "")
    for position, entry in enumerate(entries):
        if exact and entry.folded != exact:
            continue
        if folder and not (
            entry.folder == native_folder or entry.folder.startswith(nested)
        ):
            continue
        if media != "all" and (media == "video") != entry.video:
            continue
        if favorites is not None and entry.path not in favorites:
            continue
        match = None if links is None else links.get(entry.normalized)
        image = None if image_tags is None else image_tags.get(entry.normalized)
        if members_only and match is None and not (image and image.tags):
            continue
        if (
            query
            and query not in entry.folded
            and not (match and match[0])
            and not (image and image.query)
        ):
            continue
        total += 1
        if match is not None:
            positives.add(match[2])
        if position >= start and len(page) < size:
            page.append(entry)
    return total, page, None if links is None else len(positives)


def _in_subfolder(rel_dir, subfolder):
    return rel_dir == subfolder or rel_dir.startswith(subfolder + os.sep)


class ImageRoutesMixin:
    """Mixin providing image and gallery-related API endpoints."""

    def _gallery_root_scope(self, root: Path, index: int) -> str:
        payload = json.dumps(
            ["prompt-manager-gallery-root-v1", index, str(_canonical(root))],
            separators=(",", ":"),
            ensure_ascii=False,
        ).encode("utf-8")
        return hmac.new(_WORKSPACE_CURSOR_SECRET, payload, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()

    def _gallery_scope_error(
        self, query: Mapping, roots: list[Path]
    ) -> web.Response | None:
        if "root_scope" not in query:
            return None
        scope, root = query.get("root_scope"), query.get("root")
        if (
            not isinstance(scope, str)
            or re.fullmatch(r"[0-9a-f]{64}", scope) is None
            or not isinstance(root, str)
            or re.fullmatch(r"[0-9]+", root) is None
        ):
            return bad_request("Invalid gallery root scope")
        try:
            index = int(root)
        except ValueError:
            return bad_request("Invalid gallery root scope")
        if index >= len(roots) or not hmac.compare_digest(
            scope, self._gallery_root_scope(roots[index], index)
        ):
            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": False,
                    "code": "source-changed",
                    "error": (
                        "The source changed. Refresh the image collection before "
                        "inspecting this file."
                    ),
                },
                status=409,
                headers={"Cache-Control": "no-store"},
            )
        return None

    def _register_image_routes(self, routes):
        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/prompts/{prompt_id}/images")
        async def get_prompt_images_route(request):
            return await self.get_prompt_images(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/recent")
        async def get_recent_images_route(request):
            return await self.get_recent_images(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/all")
        async def get_all_images_route(request):
            return await self.get_all_images(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/search")
        async def search_images_route(request):
            return await self.search_images(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/output")
        async def get_output_images_route(request):
            return await self.get_output_images(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/{image_id}/file")
        async def serve_image_route(request):
            return await self.serve_image(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/serve/{filepath:.*}")
        async def serve_output_image_route(request):
            return await self.serve_output_image(request)

        @routes.post("/prompt_manager/images/link")
        async def link_image_route(request):
            return await self.link_image_to_prompt(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/prompt/{image_path:.*}")
        async def get_image_prompt_route(request):
            return await self.get_image_prompt(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/inspect/{image_path:.*}")
        async def inspect_image_route(request):
            return await self.inspect_image(request)

        @routes.delete("/prompt_manager/images/{image_id}")
        async def delete_image_route(request):
            return await self.delete_image(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/thumbnails/status")
        async def thumbnail_status_route(request):
            return await self.get_thumbnail_status(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/images/thumbnails/plan")
        async def thumbnail_plan_route(request):
            return await self.get_thumbnail_plan(request)

        @routes.post("/prompt_manager/images/generate-thumbnails")
        async def generate_thumbnails_route(request):
            return await self.generate_thumbnails(request)

        # POST only: the stream writes files, so it must not be reachable
        # from a prefetch, link preview or <img src>.
        @routes.post("/prompt_manager/images/generate-thumbnails/progress")
        async def generate_thumbnails_progress_route(request):
            return await self.generate_thumbnails_with_progress(request)

        @routes.post("/prompt_manager/images/clear-thumbnails")
        async def clear_thumbnails_route(request):
            return await self.clear_thumbnails(request)

        @routes.get("/prompt_manager/gallery/subfolders")
        async def get_gallery_subfolders_route(request):
            return await self.get_gallery_subfolders(request)

        @routes.put("/prompt_manager/images/favorite")
        async def set_image_favorite_route(request):
            return await self.update_image_favorite(request, favorite=True)

        @routes.delete("/prompt_manager/images/favorite")
        async def clear_image_favorite_route(request):
            return await self.update_image_favorite(request, favorite=False)

        # POST, local-only: opens this computer's file manager (D38).
        @routes.post("/prompt_manager/images/reveal")
        async def reveal_image_route(request):
            return await self.reveal_image(request)

        # POST: drops the server-side listing cache and rewalks the output roots.
        @routes.post("/prompt_manager/gallery/rescan")
        async def rescan_gallery_route(request):
            return await self.rescan_gallery(request)

    def _present_images(self, images):
        """Image dicts ready for a response: urls added, server paths hidden."""
        self._enrich_images(images)
        return publish_image_paths(images, _public_path)

    async def get_prompt_images(self, request):
        """Get all images for a specific prompt."""
        try:
            prompt_id = request.match_info["prompt_id"]
            images = await self._run_in_executor(self.db.get_prompt_images, prompt_id)

            # Clean up any NaN values that cause JSON parsing errors (recursive)
            cleaned_images = [self._clean_nan_recursive(image) for image in images]

            # Add url and thumbnail_url so the frontend can serve them
            cleaned_images = self._present_images(cleaned_images)

            # Rows an older version stored may still hold NaN/Infinity: answer
            # strict JSON, and leave prompt text that spells "NaN" untouched.
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": True, "images": cleaned_images},
                dumps=functools.partial(dumps_strict, default=str),
            )

        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Get prompt images error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def get_recent_images(self, request):
        """Get recently generated images (bounded window, newest first)."""
        try:
            try:
                limit, offset = parse_page_params(request.query)
            except ValueError:
                return bad_request("limit and offset must be integers")

            images = self._present_images(
                await self._run_in_executor(self.db.get_recent_images, limit, offset)
            )

            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": True,
                    "images": images,
                    "pagination": {
                        "limit": limit,
                        "offset": offset,
                        "count": len(images),
                    },
                }
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Get recent images error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def get_all_images(self, request):
        """Get generated images with linked prompts (bulk-capped pages)."""
        try:
            try:
                limit, offset = parse_page_params(
                    request.query,
                    default_limit=MAX_BULK_LIMIT,
                    max_limit=MAX_BULK_LIMIT,
                )
            except ValueError:
                return bad_request("limit and offset must be integers")

            images = self._present_images(
                await self._run_in_executor(
                    self.db.get_all_images, limit=limit, offset=offset
                )
            )

            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": True,
                    "images": images,
                    "count": len(images),
                    "pagination": {
                        "limit": limit,
                        "offset": offset,
                        "count": len(images),
                        "has_more": len(images) == limit,
                    },
                }
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Get all images error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def search_images(self, request):
        """Search images by prompt text."""
        try:
            query = request.query.get("q", "")
            if not query:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Search query required"}, status=400
                )

            try:
                limit, offset = parse_page_params(request.query)
            except ValueError:
                return bad_request("limit and offset must be integers")

            images = self._present_images(
                await self._run_in_executor(
                    self.db.search_images_by_prompt, query, limit, offset
                )
            )

            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": True,
                    "images": images,
                    "query": query,
                    "pagination": {
                        "limit": limit,
                        "offset": offset,
                        "count": len(images),
                    },
                }
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Search images error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    def _scan_gallery_files_sync(self, output_path):
        """Scan output directory for media files (blocking I/O, run in executor).

        Returns list of (path, mtime) tuples sorted by mtime descending; the
        walk is bounded by MAX_SCAN_DEPTH and MAX_GALLERY_FILES.
        """
        found = []
        for media_path in _iter_media_files(output_path, MAX_GALLERY_FILES):
            try:
                found.append((media_path, media_path.stat().st_mtime))
            except OSError:
                continue
        if len(found) >= MAX_GALLERY_FILES:
            self.logger.warning(f"Gallery scan capped at {MAX_GALLERY_FILES} files")
        found.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
        return found

    async def _get_gallery_files(self, output_path):
        """Get gallery files with per-directory TTL cache."""
        now = _time.monotonic()
        key = str(output_path)
        cached = self._gallery_cache.get(key)
        if cached and (now - cached[1]) < self._gallery_cache_ttl:
            return cached[0]

        files = await self._run_in_executor(self._scan_gallery_files_sync, output_path)
        self._gallery_cache[key] = (files, now)
        return files

    async def get_output_images(self, request):
        """Get all images from ComfyUI output folder(s)."""
        try:
            output_dirs = self._get_all_output_dirs()
            if request.query.get("mode") == "workspace":
                return await self._get_workspace_images(request, list(output_dirs))
            if not output_dirs:
                return web.json_response(
                    {
                        "success": False,
                        "error": "No output directories found",
                        "images": [],
                    },
                )
            try:
                limit, offset = parse_page_params(request.query, default_limit=100)
            except ValueError:
                return bad_request("limit and offset must be integers")
            subfolder = request.query.get("subfolder", "").strip()

            all_images = await self._collect_output_images(output_dirs, subfolder)
            total = len(all_images)
            page = all_images[offset : offset + limit]
            images = await self._run_in_executor(self._format_output_page, page)

            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": True,
                    "images": images,
                    "total": total,
                    "offset": offset,
                    "limit": limit,
                    "has_more": offset + limit < total,
                }
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Output images error: {e}", exc_info=True)
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def _get_workspace_images(
        self, request, output_dirs: list[Path]
    ) -> web.Response:
        try:
            limit, _offset = parse_page_params(request.query, default_limit=100)
        except ValueError:
            return bad_request("limit and offset must be integers")
        try:
            root_index = _workspace_root(request.query, output_dirs)
            filters = _workspace_filters(request.query)
            scope = hashlib.sha256(
                json.dumps(
                    [
                        filters["query"],
                        filters["text"],
                        filters["media"],
                        filters["order"],
                        filters["folder"],
                        filters["path"],
                        root_index,
                        [str(root) for root in output_dirs],
                        filters["category"],
                        filters["tags"],
                        filters["favorites"],
                    ]
                ).encode()
            ).hexdigest()
            token = request.query.get("cursor")
            after = (
                _workspace_cursor_key(token, scope, filters["order"]) if token else None
            )
        except ValueError as exc:
            return bad_request(str(exc))

        listings = [
            (index, root, await self._get_gallery_files(root))
            for index, root in enumerate(output_dirs)
            if root_index is None or index == root_index
        ]
        try:
            page, total, has_more, next_cursor, positive_count = (
                await self._run_in_executor(
                    self._select_workspace_page, listings, filters, after, limit, scope
                )
            )
        except Exception:
            # A filter that needs the prompt links or the image tags cannot be
            # served without them. Never echo the exception: it can carry SQL
            # or database text. The traceback goes to the server log.
            self.logger.error(
                "Workspace image list could not be filtered", exc_info=True
            )
            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": False,
                    "code": "listing-failed",
                    "error": _LISTING_FAILED,
                },
                status=500,
            )
        images = await self._run_in_executor(self._format_workspace_page, page)
        result = {
            "success": True,
            "images": images,
            "total": total,
            "positive_count": positive_count,
            "limit": limit,
            "has_more": has_more,
            "next_cursor": next_cursor,
        }
        if positive_count is _COUNT_OMITTED:
            del result["positive_count"]
        return web.json_response(result)

    def _workspace_listed(self, index: int, root: Path, files: list) -> list:
        """The _Listed values of one root's scan, rebuilt only where it changed.

        The gallery cache hands out the same list object until it rescans.
        A rescan reuses the value of every unchanged ``(path, mtime)`` and,
        when nothing changed, the previous list itself, so the cached sort
        orders stay valid. Only a gallery-roots change drops these values.
        """
        key = (index, str(root))
        cached = self._workspace_listed_cache.get(key)
        if cached is not None and cached[0] is files:
            return cached[1]
        previous = cached[2] if cached is not None else {}
        listed = []
        for path, mtime in files:
            entry = previous.get((path, mtime))
            listed.append(entry or _listed(path, mtime, root, index))
        if (
            cached is not None
            and len(listed) == len(cached[1])
            and all(new is old for new, old in zip(listed, cached[1]))
        ):
            listed, lookup = cached[1], previous
        else:
            lookup = {(entry.path, entry.mtime): entry for entry in listed}
            # Card facts follow the per-file values: keep unchanged files only.
            cards = self._workspace_card_cache.get(key)
            if cards:
                self._workspace_card_cache[key] = {
                    file: facts for file, facts in cards.items() if file in lookup
                }
        self._workspace_listed_cache[key] = (files, listed, lookup)
        return listed

    def _workspace_orders(self, listings: list[tuple]) -> dict:
        """The selected roots' files in newest order, plus lazily added orders."""
        parts = tuple(
            self._workspace_listed(index, root, files)
            for index, root, files in listings
        )
        key = tuple((index, str(root)) for index, root, _files in listings)
        cached = self._workspace_order_cache.get(key)
        if cached is not None and all(
            old is new for old, new in zip(cached[0], parts, strict=True)
        ):
            return cached[1]
        newest = sorted(
            (entry for part in parts for entry in part),
            key=lambda entry: _workspace_key(entry, "newest"),
        )
        orders = {"newest": newest}
        self._workspace_order_cache[key] = (parts, orders)
        return orders

    def _workspace_wanted(self, listings: list[tuple]) -> frozenset:
        """The selected listing's normalized paths (cached with its orders)."""
        orders = self._workspace_orders(listings)
        if "wanted" not in orders:
            orders["wanted"] = frozenset(entry.normalized for entry in orders["newest"])
        return orders["wanted"]

    def _workspace_order(self, listings: list[tuple], order: str) -> list:
        """The listing sorted by a filesystem order (built lazily, cached)."""
        orders = self._workspace_orders(listings)
        if order not in orders:
            if order == "name-desc":
                orders[order] = self._workspace_order(listings, "name")[::-1]
            else:
                orders[order] = sorted(
                    orders["newest"], key=lambda entry: _workspace_key(entry, order)
                )
        return orders[order]

    def _workspace_locators(self, listings: list[tuple]) -> dict:
        """The selected listing's private locators -> _Listed (cached).

        A locator is ``normcase(join(realpath(root), relative))``, the key
        image tags are stored under (database/annotations.py); the listing
        never follows symlinks, so it equals the listed file's own locator.
        """
        orders = self._workspace_orders(listings)
        reals = tuple(os.path.realpath(root) for _index, root, _files in listings)
        key = ("locators", reals)
        if key not in orders:
            located = {}
            for (index, root, files), real in zip(listings, reals):
                prefix = os.path.join(str(root), "")
                for entry in self._workspace_listed(index, root, files):
                    text = str(entry.path)
                    relative = (
                        text[len(prefix) :]
                        if text.startswith(prefix)
                        else str(entry.path.relative_to(root))
                    )
                    located[os.path.normcase(os.path.join(real, relative))] = entry
            orders[key] = located
        return orders[key]

    def _image_tag_matches(self, listings: list[tuple], filters: dict) -> dict:
        """Normalized path -> _ImageTagMatch for files whose image tags count.

        Streams the tagged byte records once and keeps only listed locators
        carrying a filter tag or a ``q`` hit; only those candidates are
        stat'ed (never every listed file), and a candidate's tags count only
        while a byte record is verified at its present ``(size, mtime_ns)``
        (spec amendment S1). Under a Tags filter the candidates' linked
        positives are read too, so their tags and category combine.
        """
        tags, query, category = filters["tags"], filters["query"], filters["category"]
        wanted = set(tags)
        located = self._workspace_locators(listings)
        candidates = {}
        records = self.db.iter_image_tag_records()
        try:
            for locator, _size, _mtime_ns, names in records:
                entry = located.get(locator)
                if entry is not None and locator not in candidates:
                    if _image_tags_relevant(names, wanted, query):
                        candidates[locator] = entry
        finally:
            records.close()
        stats = {}
        for locator, entry in candidates.items():
            fingerprint = _current_fingerprint(entry.path)
            if fingerprint is not None:
                stats[locator] = fingerprint
        current = self.db.current_image_tags(stats) if stats else {}
        facts = {}
        if wanted and current:
            facts = self.db.get_image_link_facts(
                [candidates[locator].normalized for locator in current],
                filters["text"],
            )
        matches = {}
        for locator, names in current.items():
            entry = candidates[locator]
            link = facts.get(entry.normalized)
            carried = set(names).union(link[4] if link else ())
            matches[entry.normalized] = _ImageTagMatch(
                bool(wanted)
                and wanted <= carried
                and (category is None or (link is not None and link[3] == category)),
                bool(query) and any(query in name.casefold() for name in names),
                link[:3] if link else None,
            )
        return matches

    def _select_workspace_page(
        self,
        listings: list[tuple],
        filters: dict,
        after: tuple | None,
        limit: int,
        scope: str,
    ) -> tuple:
        """One keyset page of the filtered listing (blocking; run in executor).

        One SELECT (get_image_link_matches) reads every linked positive of the
        listing: the filters, the rating sort and the positive count share it.
        A plain listing (no ``q``, category, tags or rating sort) reads it only
        for its first page; its cursor pages read no links and the returned
        count is _COUNT_OMITTED, so the response leaves ``positive_count`` out
        and the frontend keeps the first page's value. On that plain first
        page a failed read leaves the listing usable and the count unknown
        (None); so does a failed read under ``q`` alone, whose search then
        matches filenames only (as before the linked search existed).
        """
        order, category, tags = filters["order"], filters["category"], filters["tags"]
        needed = (
            bool(filters["query"])
            or category is not None
            or bool(tags)
            or order == "rating"
        )
        links = None
        if needed or after is None:
            try:
                links = self.db.get_image_link_matches(
                    filters["text"],
                    category,
                    tags,
                    every_link=True,
                    wanted=self._workspace_wanted(listings),
                )
            except Exception:
                # Category, tags and the rating sort cannot be served without
                # the links. A plain listing and a filename search can: the
                # search then matches filenames only, and the count is None.
                if category is not None or tags or order == "rating":
                    raise
                self.logger.warning(
                    "Workspace prompt links could not be read; %s",
                    (
                        "searching filenames only"
                        if filters["query"]
                        else "positive count unknown"
                    ),
                    exc_info=True,
                )
        image_tags = None
        if filters["query"] or tags:
            try:
                image_tags = self._image_tag_matches(listings, filters)
            except Exception:
                # A Tags filter cannot be served without them (as without the
                # links); a search then matches without image tags.
                if tags:
                    raise
                self.logger.warning(
                    "Workspace image tags could not be read; searching without "
                    "image tags",
                    exc_info=True,
                )
        if image_tags and links is not None:
            # A linked file admitted through its image tags keeps its rating
            # and counts its positive.
            admitted = {
                path: match.link
                for path, match in image_tags.items()
                if match.tags and match.link is not None and path not in links
            }
            if admitted:
                links = {**links, **admitted}
        if order == "rating":

            def rank(entry):
                match = links.get(entry.normalized)
                return -1 if match is None else (match[1] or 0)

            # Stable: within one rank the newest order (the tie-break) stays.
            entries = sorted(
                self._workspace_order(listings, "newest"),
                key=lambda entry: -rank(entry),
            )

            def key(entry):
                return _rated_key(entry, rank(entry))

        else:
            entries = self._workspace_order(listings, order)

            def key(entry):
                return _workspace_key(entry, order)

        start = 0
        if after is not None:
            if order == "name-desc":
                ascending = self._workspace_order(listings, "name")
                start = len(entries) - bisect_left(ascending, after, key=key)
            else:
                start = bisect_right(entries, after, key=key)
        favorites = (
            self._workspace_favorite_paths(listings) if filters["favorites"] else None
        )
        total, page, positive_count = _filtered_page(
            entries, start, limit + 1, filters, links, favorites, image_tags
        )
        if not needed and after is not None:
            positive_count = _COUNT_OMITTED
        has_more = len(page) > limit
        page = page[:limit]
        next_cursor = _workspace_cursor(key(page[-1]), scope) if has_more else None
        return (
            [(entry.path, entry.mtime, entry.root, entry.index) for entry in page],
            total,
            has_more,
            next_cursor,
            positive_count,
        )

    async def serve_image(self, request):
        """Serve the actual image file using streamed FileResponse."""
        try:
            image_id = int(request.match_info["image_id"])
            image = await self._run_in_executor(self.db.get_image_by_id, image_id)

            if not image:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Image not found"}, status=404
                )

            image_path = Path(image["image_path"])
            allowed_dirs = list(self._get_all_output_dirs()) + self._lora_image_dirs()

            denied = _media_access_error(image_path, allowed_dirs)
            if denied is not None:
                return denied

            if not image_path.is_file():
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Image file not found"}, status=404
                )

            return self._file_response(image_path)

        except ValueError:
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "Invalid image ID"}, status=400
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Serve image error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    def _lora_image_dirs(self):
        """Extra directories served when the LoRA integration is enabled."""
        try:
            from ..config import IntegrationConfig

            if not IntegrationConfig.LORA_MANAGER_ENABLED:
                return []
            from ..lora_utils import find_lora_directories, get_lora_image_cache_dir

            lora_root = IntegrationConfig.LORA_MANAGER_PATH or ""
            if lora_root.strip():
                # A configured path comes from config.json, which can be hand
                # edited: only a LoraManager install under custom_nodes may
                # widen the serving allow-list. An empty path keeps the
                # auto-detection, which itself only scans custom_nodes.
                from ..lora_utils import resolve_lora_manager_path

                lora_root = resolve_lora_manager_path(lora_root)
                if not lora_root:
                    return []

            dirs = [Path(d) for d in find_lora_directories(lora_root)]
            dirs.append(Path(get_lora_image_cache_dir()))
            return dirs
        except Exception:
            # LoRA integration is optional; never widen access on failure.
            return []

    @staticmethod
    def _file_response(path):
        response = web.FileResponse(path)
        response.headers["Cache-Control"] = "public, max-age=3600"
        return response

    @staticmethod
    def _select_root(output_dirs, root_param):
        """Narrow *output_dirs* to the ``?root=N`` entry when it is valid."""
        if root_param is None:
            return output_dirs
        try:
            idx = int(root_param)
        except ValueError:
            return []
        if 0 <= idx < len(output_dirs):
            return [output_dirs[idx]]
        return []

    async def serve_output_image(self, request):
        """Serve a media file from the ComfyUI output folder(s)."""
        try:
            roots = list(self._get_all_output_dirs())
            scope_error = self._gallery_scope_error(request.query, roots)
            if scope_error is not None:
                return scope_error
            filepath = request.match_info["filepath"]
            if _has_traversal(filepath):
                return _forbidden()
            if Path(filepath).suffix.lower() not in SERVABLE_EXTENSIONS:
                return _forbidden("Only media files can be served")

            output_dirs = self._select_root(roots, request.query.get("root"))
            if not output_dirs:
                return _forbidden("No allowed image directories configured")

            for output_path in output_dirs:
                image_path = output_path / filepath
                if not image_path.exists():
                    continue
                # A symlink that points outside the root is a hard deny, not
                # a fall-through to the next root.
                if not _is_within(image_path, output_path):
                    return _forbidden()
                if image_path.is_file():
                    return self._file_response(image_path)

            # ComfyUI's cache middleware would otherwise let browsers cache this
            # miss for an hour, hiding a thumbnail generated a moment later.
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "Image file not found"},
                status=404,
                headers={"Cache-Control": "no-store"},
            )

        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Serve output image error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def rescan_gallery(self, request):
        """Forget the cached listing and rewalk every output root now.

        The listing is cached for ``_gallery_cache_ttl`` seconds; the gallery's
        Rescan button needs files added or removed on disk to show up at once.
        """
        try:
            self.invalidate_gallery_cache()
            output_dirs = list(self._get_all_output_dirs())
            total = 0
            for output_path in output_dirs:
                total += len(await self._get_gallery_files(output_path))
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": True, "total": total, "roots": len(output_dirs)}
            )
        except Exception:
            self.logger.exception("Gallery rescan error")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "Failed to rescan the gallery"}, status=500
            )

    async def _root_subfolders(self, output_path, include_ancestors):
        """The distinct folders holding listed files under one output root."""
        subfolders = set()
        for f, _mtime in await self._get_gallery_files(output_path):
            rel_dir = str(f.relative_to(output_path).parent)
            if rel_dir and rel_dir != ".":
                subfolders.add(rel_dir)
        if include_ancestors:
            ancestors = set()
            for folder in subfolders:
                parts = folder.replace("\\", "/").split("/")
                for i in range(1, len(parts)):
                    ancestors.add("/".join(parts[:i]))
            subfolders.update(ancestors)
        return subfolders

    async def get_gallery_subfolders(self, request):
        """Get distinct subfolders from gallery output directories.

        In workspace mode every root also lists its own folders, so the
        Refine dialog can offer only the chosen Source's folders.
        """
        try:
            output_dirs = list(self._get_all_output_dirs())
            workspace = request.query.get("mode") == "workspace"
            include_ancestors = (
                request.query.get("include_ancestors", "").lower() == "true"
            )
            selected = None
            if workspace:
                try:
                    selected = _workspace_root(request.query, output_dirs)
                except ValueError as exc:
                    return bad_request(str(exc))
            walked = [
                await self._root_subfolders(output_path, include_ancestors)
                for output_path in output_dirs
            ]
            chosen = walked if selected is None else [walked[selected]]
            subfolders = set().union(*chosen)
            payload = {"success": True, "subfolders": sorted(subfolders)}
            if workspace:
                payload["roots"] = [
                    {
                        "index": index,
                        "label": _public_path(root),
                        "subfolders": sorted(walked[index]),
                    }
                    for index, root in enumerate(output_dirs)
                ]
            return web.json_response(payload)
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Subfolders error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    # Fixed quality presets: clients choose a name, never a raw pixel size.
    THUMBNAIL_SIZES = {"low": (150, 150), "medium": (300, 300), "high": (600, 600)}

    @classmethod
    def _thumbnail_size(cls, quality):
        """Map a quality preset name to a pixel size; anything else is medium."""
        if not isinstance(quality, str):
            return cls.THUMBNAIL_SIZES["medium"]
        return cls.THUMBNAIL_SIZES.get(quality, cls.THUMBNAIL_SIZES["medium"])

    async def generate_thumbnails(self, request):
        """Generate every thumbnail in one executor job (POST, blocking).

        Holds the registry as guarded work: refused while a record-changing
        job runs, and such jobs are refused while it runs. A body that cannot
        be read is refused before the hold, so it is never listed as a job.
        """
        data, error = await _json_body_or_error(request)
        if error is not None:
            return error
        return await self._run_held(
            THUMBNAILS_JOB_KIND,
            THUMBNAIL_GENERATION_TITLE,
            "guarded",
            lambda: self._generate_thumbnails(data),
        )

    async def _generate_thumbnails(self, data):
        try:
            thumbnail_size = self._thumbnail_size(data.get("quality", "medium"))

            output_dirs = self._get_all_output_dirs()
            if not output_dirs:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "ComfyUI output directory not found"},
                    status=404,
                )

            result = await self._run_in_executor(
                self._generate_gallery_thumbnails_sync, output_dirs, thumbnail_size
            )
            self.invalidate_gallery_cache()
            return web.json_response(result)

        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Generate thumbnails error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    def _generate_thumbnails_sync(self, output_path, thumbnails_dir, thumbnail_size):
        """Blocking thumbnail generation loop (run in executor)."""
        start = _time.monotonic()
        plan = self._plan_thumbnails(output_path, thumbnails_dir)
        payload = self._execute_thumbnail_plan(plan, thumbnail_size, start)
        payload["thumbnails_path"] = _public_path(thumbnails_dir)
        return payload

    def _generate_gallery_thumbnails_sync(
        self, output_dirs: list[Path], thumbnail_size: tuple[int, int]
    ) -> dict:
        start = _time.monotonic()
        plan = self._plan_gallery_thumbnails(output_dirs)
        payload = self._execute_thumbnail_plan(plan, thumbnail_size, start)
        payload["thumbnails_path"] = _public_path(output_dirs[0] / "thumbnails")
        return payload

    def _execute_thumbnail_plan(
        self, plan: dict, thumbnail_size: tuple[int, int], start: float
    ) -> dict:
        targets = plan["targets"]
        stats = _new_thumbnail_stats()
        stats["skipped"] = plan["skipped"]
        for result in self._generate_batch(targets, thumbnail_size):
            _record_thumbnail_result(stats, result)
        payload = _thumbnail_complete_payload(
            len(targets) + plan["skipped"] + plan["remaining"],
            stats,
            start,
            remaining=plan["remaining"],
            processed=len(targets),
        )
        payload["success"] = True
        self.logger.info(payload["message"])
        return payload

    def _plan_gallery_thumbnails(
        self, output_dirs: list[Path], rebuild: bool = False, stop=None
    ) -> dict:
        """Plan every gallery root with one shared per-run generation cap.

        See ``_plan_thumbnails``; ``fresh_files`` keeps at most
        MAX_FRESH_LISTED files across the roots. ``stop()`` true ends the walk
        at the next file (a cancelled job); the partial plan is returned.
        """
        combined = {
            "targets": [],
            "skipped": 0,
            "remaining": 0,
            "fresh": 0,
            "fresh_files": [],
        }
        for root in output_dirs:
            if stop is not None and stop():
                break
            root = Path(root)
            plan = self._plan_thumbnails(
                root, root / "thumbnails", rebuild=rebuild, stop=stop
            )
            available = max(0, MAX_THUMBNAIL_FILES - len(combined["targets"]))
            combined["targets"].extend(plan["targets"][:available])
            combined["skipped"] += plan["skipped"]
            combined["fresh"] += plan["fresh"]
            room = max(0, MAX_FRESH_LISTED - len(combined["fresh_files"]))
            combined["fresh_files"].extend(plan["fresh_files"][:room])
            combined["remaining"] += plan["remaining"] + max(
                0, len(plan["targets"]) - available
            )
        return combined

    async def get_thumbnail_status(self, request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
        """Count pending thumbnails off-loop without generating files."""
        try:
            output_dirs = self._get_all_output_dirs()
            plan = await self._run_in_executor(
                self._plan_gallery_thumbnails, output_dirs
            )
            pending = len(plan["targets"]) + plan["remaining"]
            collection = json.dumps(sorted(str(_canonical(p)) for p in output_dirs))
            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": True,
                    "total_images": pending + plan["skipped"],
                    "pending": pending,
                    "ready": plan["skipped"],
                    "collection_id": hashlib.sha256(collection.encode()).hexdigest()[
                        :16
                    ],
                },
                headers={"Cache-Control": "no-store"},
            )
        except Exception as exc:
            self.logger.exception("Thumbnail status failed")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(exc)}, status=500
            )

    def _plan_thumbnails(self, output_path, thumbnails_dir, rebuild=False, stop=None):
        """Decide which media files need a thumbnail (blocking walk).

        Returns ``{"targets": [(src, dst, is_video)], "skipped": n,
        "remaining": n, "fresh": n, "fresh_files": [src]}``. Files whose
        thumbnail is already newer than the source are ``fresh``. Without
        ``rebuild`` they are counted as skipped and never queued, so a large
        library that is mostly done only pays for the files that changed;
        ``fresh_files`` lists the first MAX_FRESH_LISTED of them. With
        ``rebuild`` every file is a target (nothing is skipped). The walk is
        bounded like the gallery listing (MAX_SCAN_DEPTH, MAX_GALLERY_FILES,
        no symlinks) and at most MAX_THUMBNAIL_FILES targets are queued per
        run; ``remaining`` counts the targets beyond that cap. ``stop()`` true
        ends the walk before the next file.
        """
        output_path = Path(output_path)
        targets = []
        skipped = 0
        remaining = 0
        fresh = 0
        fresh_files = []
        for src in _iter_media_files(output_path, MAX_GALLERY_FILES):
            if stop is not None and stop():
                break
            suffix = src.suffix.lower()
            is_video = suffix in VIDEO_EXTENSIONS
            rel_no_ext = src.relative_to(output_path).with_suffix("")
            thumb_suffix = ".jpg" if is_video else suffix
            dst = thumbnails_dir / f"{rel_no_ext.as_posix()}_thumb{thumb_suffix}"
            if not _is_within(dst, thumbnails_dir):
                self.logger.warning(f"Skipping thumbnail outside safe dir: {src.name}")
                continue
            if _thumbnail_is_fresh(src, dst):
                fresh += 1
                if not rebuild:
                    skipped += 1
                    if len(fresh_files) < MAX_FRESH_LISTED:
                        fresh_files.append(src)
                    continue
            if len(targets) >= MAX_THUMBNAIL_FILES:
                remaining += 1
                continue
            targets.append((src, dst, is_video))
        if remaining:
            self.logger.warning(
                f"Thumbnail run capped at {MAX_THUMBNAIL_FILES} new files; "
                f"{remaining} more will be generated on the next run"
            )
        return {
            "targets": targets,
            "skipped": skipped,
            "remaining": remaining,
            "fresh": fresh,
            "fresh_files": fresh_files,
        }

    def _thumbnail_targets(self, output_path, thumbnails_dir):
        """Pending (src, dst, is_video) triples; see _plan_thumbnails."""
        return self._plan_thumbnails(output_path, thumbnails_dir)["targets"]

    def _generate_batch(self, targets, thumbnail_size, **options):
        """Create thumbnails for ``targets`` on the configured worker threads.

        Blocking; returns one result dict per target, in order. ``options``
        go to ``_generate_one`` (``encoding``, ``rebuild``, ``stop``).
        """

        def one(target):
            src, dst, is_video = target
            return self._generate_one(src, dst, thumbnail_size, is_video, **options)

        return map_parallel(one, targets, _worker_threads())

    def _generate_one(
        self,
        src,
        dst,
        thumbnail_size,
        is_video,
        encoding=None,
        rebuild=False,
        stop=None,
    ):
        """Create one thumbnail (blocking). Never raises; returns a result dict.

        ``stop()`` true before the file starts gives ``action: "cancelled"``
        and touches nothing (a job's file boundary). ``rebuild`` writes a
        fresh preview again and never replaces an existing video preview with
        the placeholder. Every write is atomic, so a failure keeps the old
        preview.
        """
        result = {
            "file": src.name,
            "dir": src.parent.name,
            "type": "video" if is_video else "image",
        }
        try:
            if stop is not None and stop():
                return {**result, "action": "cancelled"}
            if not src.is_file():
                return {**result, "action": "error", "error": "File no longer exists"}
            if not rebuild and _thumbnail_is_fresh(src, dst):
                return {**result, "action": "skipped"}
            dst.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            if is_video:
                made = self._generate_video_thumbnail(
                    src, dst, thumbnail_size, encoding, keep_existing=rebuild
                )
                if not made:
                    return {**result, "action": "error", "error": "Video decode failed"}
            else:
                _write_image_thumbnail(src, dst, thumbnail_size, encoding)
            return {**result, "action": "generated"}
        except UnidentifiedImageError:
            return {**result, "action": "error", "error": "Not a valid image file"}
        except PermissionError as e:
            message = _preview_write_error(e)
            self.logger.warning(f"Thumbnail failed for {src.name}: {message}")
            return {**result, "action": "error", "error": message}
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.warning(f"Thumbnail failed for {src.name}", exc_info=True)
            return {**result, "action": "error", "error": _safe_error(e)}

    async def _emit_sse(self, response, event, data) -> bool:
        """Write one SSE frame. Returns False once the client has gone away."""
        try:
            frame = f"event: {event}\ndata: {json.dumps(data)}\n\n"
            await response.write(frame.encode("utf-8"))
            return True
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.warning(f"Failed to send SSE message: {e}")
            return False

    def _generate_video_thumbnail(
        self,
        video_path,
        thumbnail_path,
        thumbnail_size,
        encoding=None,
        keep_existing=False,
    ):
        """Generate thumbnail from video file. Returns True if successful.

        ``encoding`` is one of THUMBNAIL_ENCODINGS (medium when None); it
        encodes the OpenCV frame, ffmpeg's frame (as ``-q:v``) and the
        placeholder alike. Both decoders fit the frame inside
        ``thumbnail_size`` keeping its aspect ratio. With ``keep_existing`` an
        existing preview is kept, and the run fails, when no frame could be
        decoded, rather than replaced by the placeholder. A PermissionError
        while replacing the preview propagates (``_generate_one`` names it).
        """
        encoding = encoding or DEFAULT_THUMBNAIL_ENCODING
        try:
            # Try using OpenCV first (most reliable)
            try:
                import cv2

                cap = cv2.VideoCapture(str(video_path))
                if not cap.isOpened():
                    return False

                frame_count = int(cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT))
                target_frame = max(1, int(frame_count * 0.1))
                cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_POS_FRAMES, target_frame)

                ret, frame = cap.read()
                cap.release()

                if not ret or frame is None:
                    return False

                frame_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

                img = Image.fromarray(frame_rgb)
                img.thumbnail(thumbnail_size, Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
                _atomic_save(img, thumbnail_path, "JPEG", **encoding)
                self.logger.debug(
                    f"Generated video thumbnail using OpenCV: {thumbnail_path}"
                )
                return True

            except ImportError:
                pass

            # Fallback to ffmpeg
            try:
                import subprocess

                tmp_path = _temp_sibling(thumbnail_path)
                cmd = [
                    "ffmpeg",
                    "-i",
                    str(video_path),
                    "-ss",
                    "00:00:01",
                    "-vframes",
                    "1",
                    "-vf",
                    f"scale={thumbnail_size[0]}:{thumbnail_size[1]}"
                    ":force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease",
                    "-q:v",
                    _ffmpeg_qscale(encoding),
                    "-y",
                    str(tmp_path),
                ]

                result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30)
                if result.returncode == 0 and tmp_path.exists():
                    os.replace(tmp_path, thumbnail_path)
                    self.logger.debug(
                        f"Generated video thumbnail using ffmpeg: {thumbnail_path}"
                    )
                    return True
                else:
                    self.logger.warning(
                        f"ffmpeg failed for {video_path}: {result.stderr}"
                    )

            except (ImportError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired, FileNotFoundError):
                pass
            finally:
                try:
                    tmp_path.unlink()
                except (NameError, OSError):
                    pass

            if keep_existing and thumbnail_path.exists():
                self.logger.warning(
                    f"No frame decoded for {video_path.name}; keeping its preview"
                )
                return False

            # Last resort: create a placeholder thumbnail
            try:
                from PIL import ImageDraw, ImageFont

                img = Image.new("RGB", thumbnail_size, color=(50, 50, 50))
                draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)

                center_x, center_y = thumbnail_size[0] // 2, thumbnail_size[1] // 2
                triangle_size = min(thumbnail_size) // 4

                points = [
                    (center_x - triangle_size // 2, center_y - triangle_size // 2),
                    (center_x - triangle_size // 2, center_y + triangle_size // 2),
                    (center_x + triangle_size // 2, center_y),
                ]
                draw.polygon(points, fill=(255, 255, 255))

                try:
                    font = ImageFont.load_default()
                    text = "VIDEO"
                    bbox = draw.textbbox((0, 0), text, font=font)
                    text_width = bbox[2] - bbox[0]
                    draw.text(
                        (
                            center_x - text_width // 2,
                            center_y + triangle_size // 2 + 10,
                        ),
                        text,
                        fill=(255, 255, 255),
                        font=font,
                    )
                except (OSError, AttributeError):
                    pass

                _atomic_save(img, thumbnail_path, "JPEG", **encoding)
                self.logger.debug(
                    f"Generated placeholder video thumbnail: {thumbnail_path}"
                )
                return True

            except PermissionError:
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                self.logger.warning(
                    f"Failed to create placeholder thumbnail for {video_path}: {e}"
                )
                return False

        except PermissionError:
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(
                f"Video thumbnail generation failed for {video_path}: {e}"
            )
            return False

    async def clear_thumbnails(self, request: web.Request) -> web.Response:
        """Clear generated thumbnails across gallery roots, preserving originals.

        Invalid thumbnail directories return 400; unavailable gallery roots
        return 404, and unexpected filesystem failures return 500. Holds the
        registry as guarded work, like generation.
        """
        return await self._run_held(
            THUMBNAILS_JOB_KIND,
            "Thumbnail clear (gallery page)",
            "guarded",
            self._clear_thumbnails,
        )

    async def _clear_thumbnails(self) -> web.Response:
        try:
            output_dirs = self._get_all_output_dirs()
            if not output_dirs:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "ComfyUI output directory not found"},
                    status=404,
                )
            cleared_count, cleared_size = await self._run_in_executor(
                self._clear_gallery_thumbnails_sync, output_dirs
            )
            self.invalidate_gallery_cache()

            def format_size(bytes_size: int) -> str:
                size = float(bytes_size)
                for unit in ["B", "KB", "MB", "GB"]:
                    if size < 1024.0:
                        return f"{size:.1f} {unit}"
                    size /= 1024.0
                return f"{size:.1f} TB"

            size_formatted = format_size(cleared_size)
            self.logger.info(
                f"Thumbnail cleanup: cleared {cleared_count} files ({size_formatted})"
            )
            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": True,
                    "cleared_files": cleared_count,
                    "cleared_size": cleared_size,
                    "cleared_size_formatted": size_formatted,
                    "message": f"Cleared {cleared_count} thumbnail files "
                    f"({size_formatted})",
                }
            )
        except ValueError as exc:
            self.logger.error(f"Thumbnail path validation failed: {exc}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(exc)}, status=400
            )
        except Exception as exc:
            self.logger.error(f"Clear thumbnails error: {exc}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(exc)}, status=500
            )

    def _clear_gallery_thumbnails_sync(
        self, output_dirs: list[Path]
    ) -> tuple[int, int]:
        """Validate all thumbnail directories before deleting generated files.

        Raises ValueError for symlinked or out-of-root thumbnail directories.
        Filesystem errors during path validation propagate to the route.
        """
        directories = []
        for output_path in output_dirs:
            output_path = Path(output_path)
            thumbnails_dir = output_path / "thumbnails"
            if not thumbnails_dir.exists() and not thumbnails_dir.is_symlink():
                continue
            if (
                thumbnails_dir.is_symlink()
                or not _is_within(thumbnails_dir, output_path)
                or _canonical(thumbnails_dir) == _canonical(output_path)
            ):
                raise ValueError(
                    "Safety check failed: invalid thumbnails directory path"
                )
            directories.append(thumbnails_dir)

        cleared_count = 0
        cleared_size = 0
        for thumbnails_dir in directories:
            for root, _dirs, files in os.walk(thumbnails_dir):
                for name in files:
                    path = Path(root) / name
                    if (
                        "_thumb" not in name.lower()
                        or path.suffix.lower() not in GALLERY_IMAGE_EXTENSIONS
                        or path.is_symlink()
                    ):
                        continue
                    try:
                        size = path.stat().st_size
                        path.unlink()
                        cleared_count += 1
                        cleared_size += size
                    except OSError as exc:
                        self.logger.warning(f"Failed to delete thumbnail {path}: {exc}")
            for root, _dirs, _files in os.walk(thumbnails_dir, topdown=False):
                if Path(root) != thumbnails_dir:
                    try:
                        Path(root).rmdir()
                    except OSError as exc:
                        self.logger.debug(
                            "Keeping thumbnail directory %s: %s", root, exc
                        )
        return cleared_count, cleared_size

    @staticmethod
    def _resolve_client_media_path(raw_path, allowed_dirs):
        """Absolute path for a client-supplied media path, or None when it
        does not name a file inside an allowed root.

        Absolute paths are used as given (the caller still runs the access
        check). Relative paths are the forms this API hands out: relative to
        a gallery root (``sub/a.png``) or to a ComfyUI anchor
        (``output/sub/a.png``), and must resolve inside an allowed root.
        """
        if os.path.isabs(raw_path):
            return raw_path
        from ..config import GalleryConfig

        for base in [*allowed_dirs, *GalleryConfig.path_anchors()]:
            candidate = Path(base) / raw_path
            if candidate.is_file() and any(
                _is_within(candidate, root) for root in allowed_dirs
            ):
                return str(candidate)
        return None

    async def link_image_to_prompt(self, request):
        """Link a generated image (inside an allowed directory) to a prompt."""
        try:
            data, error = await _json_body_or_error(request)
            if error is not None:
                return error
            prompt_id = data.get("prompt_id")
            image_path = data.get("image_path")
            metadata = data.get("metadata", {})

            if not prompt_id or not isinstance(image_path, str) or not image_path:
                return bad_request("prompt_id and image_path are required")
            if not os.path.isabs(image_path) and _has_traversal(image_path):
                return _forbidden()

            allowed_dirs = list(self._get_all_output_dirs())
            resolved = self._resolve_client_media_path(image_path, allowed_dirs)
            if resolved is None:
                if Path(image_path).suffix.lower() not in SERVABLE_EXTENSIONS:
                    return _forbidden("Only media files can be served")
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Image file not found"}, status=404
                )
            image_path = resolved

            denied = _media_access_error(image_path, allowed_dirs)
            if denied is not None:
                return denied

            if not os.path.isfile(image_path):
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Image file not found"}, status=404
                )

            image_id = await self._run_in_executor(
                self.db.link_image_to_prompt, prompt_id, image_path, metadata
            )

            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": True,
                    "image_id": image_id,
                    "message": "Image linked successfully",
                }
            )

        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Link image error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def update_image_favorite(self, request, *, favorite: bool):
        """PUT/DELETE one favorite, named by ``{root_index, path}``.

        A favorite is set only on a file in the root's listing; clearing also
        accepts a well-formed path that is no longer listed, so a deleted
        file's favorite can still be removed. Both are idempotent.
        """
        data, error = await _json_body_or_error(request)
        if error is not None:
            return error
        roots = list(self._get_all_output_dirs())
        target, error = _favorite_target(data, roots)
        if error is not None:
            return error
        index, relative = target
        root = roots[index]
        relative = Path(relative).as_posix()
        try:
            files = await self._get_gallery_files(root)
            listing = await self._run_in_executor(self._favorite_listing, root, files)
            key = _favorite_relative_key(relative)
            listed = listing.get(key)
            if listed is None and favorite:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Image file not found"}, status=404
                )
            root_key = _favorite_root_key(root)
            if favorite and max(len(root_key), len(key)) > MAX_KEY_LENGTH:
                # A stored key past the schema bound would fail the next
                # startup or restore validation.
                return _forbidden("Path is too long to favorite")
            update = (
                self.db.set_image_favorite if favorite else self.db.clear_image_favorite
            )
            await self._run_in_executor(update, root_key, key)
        except Exception:
            self.logger.exception("Favorite update failed")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "Favorite update failed"}, status=500
            )
        return web.json_response(
            {
                "success": True,
                "favorite": favorite,
                "root_index": index,
                "path": listed or relative,
            }
        )

    # Swapped by tests and the disposable browser server; never a shell.
    _reveal_opener = staticmethod(reveal_in_file_manager)
    # One per process (a class attribute): single flight plus a cooldown.
    _reveal_gate = RevealGate()

    @staticmethod
    def _reveal_path(relative: str, root: Path) -> Path | None:
        """The real path of a regular media file under *root*, else None."""
        resolved = ImageRoutesMixin._resolve_client_media_path(relative, [root])
        if resolved is None or _media_access_error(resolved, [root]) is not None:
            return None
        real = Path(os.path.realpath(resolved))
        return real if real.is_file() and _is_within(real, root) else None

    async def reveal_image(self, request):
        """POST ``{root_index, root_scope, path}``: show the file in its folder.

        Local-only (a same-origin browser request from a loopback client, no
        forwarding header) and JSON-only: the browser must run on the
        computer whose file manager opens. One reveal at a time (429 busy).
        """
        if not is_local_request(request.remote, request.headers, request.scheme):
            return _not_local()
        if request.content_type != "application/json":
            # A non-JSON POST is a CORS "simple" request with no preflight.
            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": False,
                    "code": "unsupported-media-type",
                    "error": "Send the request as application/json.",
                },
                status=415,
            )
        data, error = await _json_body_or_error(request)
        if error is not None:
            return error
        target, error = _reveal_target(data)
        if error is not None:
            return error
        index, scope, relative = target
        roots = list(self._get_all_output_dirs())
        error = self._gallery_scope_error(
            {"root_scope": scope, "root": str(index)}, roots
        )
        if error is not None:
            return error
        root = roots[index]
        if Path(relative).suffix.lower() not in SERVABLE_EXTENSIONS:
            return _forbidden("Only media files can be shown")
        gate = self._reveal_gate
        if not gate.try_enter():
            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": False,
                    "code": "busy",
                    "error": "The folder is already opening.",
                },
                status=429,
            )
        try:
            return await self._reveal(relative, root)
        finally:
            gate.leave()

    async def _reveal(self, relative: str, root: Path):
        """Resolve and open, inside the reveal gate."""
        try:
            path = await self._run_in_executor(self._reveal_path, relative, root)
        except (OSError, ValueError) as exc:
            # ENAMETOOLONG and the like: the client's path is not logged.
            self.logger.debug(
                "Show in folder could not resolve: %s", type(exc).__name__
            )
            return _reveal_not_found()
        if path is None:
            return _reveal_not_found()
        try:
            await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(
                reveal_executor(), self._reveal_opener, path, root
            )
        except RevealTargetChanged:
            return _reveal_not_found()
        except OpenerUnavailable:
            return web.json_response(
                {
                    "success": False,
                    "code": "unavailable",
                    "error": "No file manager is available on this computer.",
                },
                status=501,
            )
        except Exception as exc:
            # The exception text can hold the path: only its type at error
            # level, the traceback at debug.
            self.logger.error("Show in folder failed: %s", type(exc).__name__)
            self.logger.debug("Show in folder failure", exc_info=True)
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "The folder could not be opened."},
                status=500,
            )
        return web.json_response({"success": True})

    def _favorite_listing(self, root: Path, files: list) -> dict[str, str]:
        """``{relative key: listing POSIX spelling}`` for one root's scan.

        Built once per scan (the gallery cache hands out the same list until
        it rescans), so a toggle is a dictionary lookup.
        """
        cache_key = str(root)
        cached = self._favorite_listing_cache.get(cache_key)
        if cached is not None and cached[0] is files:
            return cached[1]
        listing = {}
        for path, _mtime in files:
            posix = path.relative_to(root).as_posix()
            listing.setdefault(_favorite_relative_key(posix), posix)
        self._favorite_listing_cache[cache_key] = (files, listing)
        return listing

    def _workspace_favorite_paths(self, listings: list[tuple]) -> frozenset:
        """The listed paths of every favorite in the selected roots (blocking).

        One primary-key read per root (get_root_favorites), matched against the
        root's cached ``{relative key: listing spelling}``, so the work follows
        the favorites rather than the files, and a key folds case exactly as
        the toggle stored it (Windows). A favorite whose file is gone matches
        nothing. A failed read raises: an unfiltered page must never pass for
        the favorites.
        """
        paths = set()
        for _index, root, files in listings:
            listing = self._favorite_listing(root, files)
            for key in self.db.get_root_favorites(_favorite_root_key(root)):
                listed = listing.get(key)
                if listed is not None:
                    paths.add(root / listed)
        return frozenset(paths)

    def _workspace_favorites(self, page: list[tuple]) -> set[tuple[int, str]]:
        """``(root index, listing path)`` of the favorites among *page* entries."""
        by_root: dict[tuple[int, Path], dict[str, str]] = {}
        for path, _mtime, root, index in page:
            posix = path.relative_to(root).as_posix()
            by_root.setdefault((index, root), {})[_favorite_relative_key(posix)] = posix
        try:
            found = set()
            for (index, root), keys in by_root.items():
                for key in self.db.get_image_favorites(
                    _favorite_root_key(root), list(keys)
                ):
                    found.add((index, keys[key]))
            return found
        except Exception:
            # The listing stays usable; stars show as not favorited.
            self.logger.warning("Image favorites could not be read")
            return set()

    async def inspect_image(self, request):
        """Read prompt evidence for one explicitly rooted physical media file."""
        roots = list(self._get_all_output_dirs())
        scope_error = self._gallery_scope_error(request.query, roots)
        if scope_error is not None:
            return scope_error
        try:
            index = _workspace_root(request.query, roots)
            if index is None:
                raise ValueError("Gallery root is required")
        except ValueError as error:
            return bad_request(str(error))
        root_scope = request.query.get("root_scope") or self._gallery_root_scope(
            roots[index], index
        )
        relative = request.match_info.get("image_path", "")
        if (
            _has_traversal(relative)
            or "\0" in relative
            or re.match(r"^[a-zA-Z]:", relative)
        ):
            return _forbidden()
        path = Path(roots[index]) / relative
        denied = _media_access_error(path, [roots[index]])
        if denied is not None:
            return denied
        if not path.is_file():
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "Image file not found"}, status=404
            )
        try:

            def inspect() -> bytes | None:
                saved, unavailable, summary = None, False, None
                try:
                    saved = self.db.get_image_prompt_info(
                        str(path), False, report_ambiguity=True
                    )
                except Exception:
                    unavailable = True
                    self.logger.warning("Saved inspection display could not be read")
                if saved and saved.get("association_status") != "ambiguous":
                    try:
                        summary = self.db.get_image_link_summaries([str(path)], False)
                        summary = summary[str(path)]
                    except Exception:
                        # The link stays known; only its title is withheld.
                        self.logger.warning("Inspection link title could not be read")
                try:
                    observed = inspect_current_file(
                        path,
                        source_label=_public_path(roots[index]),
                        saved=saved,
                        library=self._inspection_library(
                            saved, unavailable=unavailable
                        ),
                        image_tags=self._inspection_image_tags(
                            roots[index], Path(relative).parts
                        ),
                    )
                except CurrentFileChanged:
                    return None
                observed["library"]["title"] = _verified_title(
                    summary, _positive_title(_inspected_positive(observed))
                )
                return encode_inspection_response(
                    image={
                        "root_index": index,
                        "path": Path(relative).as_posix(),
                        "filename": path.name,
                    },
                    root_scope=root_scope,
                    **observed,
                )

            body = await self._run_in_executor(inspect)
            if body is None:
                return web.json_response(
                    {
                        "success": False,
                        "error": "The file changed while being inspected. Try again.",
                    },
                    status=409,
                    headers={"Cache-Control": "no-store"},
                )
            return web.Response(
                body=body,
                content_type="application/json",
                charset="utf-8",
                headers={"Cache-Control": "no-store"},
            )
        except Exception:
            self.logger.exception("Prompt inspection failed")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "Prompt inspection failed"}, status=500
            )

    def _inspection_image_tags(self, root: Path, parts: tuple) -> Callable:
        """The inspector's ``image_tags`` reader for one rooted file (S1).

        The returned function takes the inspection's own stable stat and
        answers ``current`` only for a byte record verified at exactly that
        ``(size, mtime_ns)``; a failed read is ``unavailable``, never an error.
        """
        locator = os.path.normcase(os.path.join(os.path.realpath(root), *parts))

        def read(size: int, mtime_ns: int) -> dict:
            try:
                found = self.db.current_image_tags({locator: (size, mtime_ns)})
            except Exception:
                self.logger.warning(
                    "Inspection image tags could not be read", exc_info=True
                )
                return {"state": "unavailable", "tags": []}
            tags = found.get(locator)
            if tags is None:
                return {"state": "none", "tags": []}
            return {"state": "current", "tags": list(tags)}

        return read

    def _inspection_library(self, saved: dict | None, *, unavailable: bool) -> dict:
        """The inspector's Library facts; the route sets the title afterwards."""
        result = {
            "status": "unavailable" if unavailable else "none",
            "scope": "saved-library",
            "positive_id": None,
            "pair_id": None,
            "title": None,
            "category": None,
            "tags": [],
            "category_scope": None,
            "tags_scope": None,
        }
        if not isinstance(saved, dict) or not saved:
            return result
        if saved.get("association_status") == "ambiguous":
            result["status"] = "ambiguous"
            return result
        pair = saved.get("pair")
        recipe = isinstance(pair, dict)
        result.update(
            status="linked",
            positive_id=(
                pair.get("positive_prompt_id") if recipe else saved.get("prompt_id")
            ),
            pair_id=pair.get("id") if recipe else None,
            **library_metadata(
                saved.get("category"),
                saved.get("tags"),
                (pair.get("category"), pair.get("tags")) if recipe else None,
            ),
        )
        return result

    async def get_image_prompt(self, request):
        """Get prompt information for a specific image path."""
        try:
            # Get the image path from URL
            raw_image_path = request.match_info.get("image_path", "")
            image_path = raw_image_path

            if not image_path:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Image path is required"}, status=400
                )

            # Convert relative path to absolute if needed
            if "root" in request.query:
                roots = self._select_root(
                    self._get_all_output_dirs(), request.query["root"]
                )
                if not roots:
                    return _forbidden()
                if not os.path.isabs(image_path):
                    image_path = str(Path(roots[0]) / image_path)
                if not _is_within(image_path, roots[0]):
                    return _forbidden()
            elif not os.path.isabs(image_path):
                output_dir = self._find_comfyui_output_dir()
                if output_dir:
                    image_path = str(Path(output_dir) / image_path)

            # Look up the image in generated_images table
            try:
                args = (image_path, False) if "root" in request.query else (image_path,)
                prompt_data = await self._run_in_executor(
                    self.db.get_image_prompt_info, *args
                )
                if prompt_data:
                    prompt_data["image_path"] = _public_path(image_path)
                    return web.json_response({"success": True, "prompt": prompt_data})
                return web.json_response(
                    {
                        "success": False,
                        "error": "No prompt found for this image",
                        "image_path": _public_path(image_path),
                    }
                )

            except Exception as db_error:
                self.logger.error(f"Database error in get_image_prompt: {db_error}")
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Database error occurred"}, status=500
                )

        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Get image prompt error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def delete_image(self, request):
        """Delete an image record."""
        try:
            image_id = int(request.match_info["image_id"])
            success = await self._run_in_executor(self.db.delete_image, image_id)

            if success:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": True, "message": "Image deleted successfully"}
                )
            else:
                return web.json_response(
                    {"success": False, "error": "Image not found"}, status=404
                )

        except ValueError:
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": "Invalid image ID"}, status=400
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error(f"Delete image error: {e}")
            return web.json_response(
                {"success": False, "error": _safe_error(e)}, status=500
            )

    async def _collect_output_images(self, output_dirs, subfolder):
        """Merge cached per-root listings, newest first, optionally filtered."""
        merged = []
        for root_idx, output_path in enumerate(output_dirs):
            for img_path, mtime in await self._get_gallery_files(output_path):
                merged.append((img_path, mtime, output_path, root_idx))
        merged.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
        if not subfolder:
            return merged
        return [
            entry
            for entry in merged
            if _in_subfolder(str(entry[0].relative_to(entry[2]).parent), subfolder)
        ]

    def _workspace_link_summaries(self, paths: list[str]) -> dict[str, dict]:
        """Card link summaries, matched exactly as the inspection route does."""
        try:
            return self.db.get_image_link_summaries(paths, False)
        except Exception:
            # The listing stays usable; cards fall back to their filenames.
            self.logger.warning("Workspace link summaries could not be read")
            return {}

    def _card_parse(self, path: Path, records: dict | None) -> tuple:
        """One card's ``(seed, positive title)``; ``(None, None)`` on any error.

        One file's unexpected parse failure must not fail the whole page: its
        card shows no seed and withholds a first-line title.
        """
        try:
            params = header_params(records)
            return card_seed(params), _positive_title(parsed_positive(params))
        except Exception:
            self.logger.warning(
                "Workspace card facts could not be parsed for %s",
                path.name,
                exc_info=True,
            )
            return None, None

    def _read_card_facts(self, path: Path, *, parse: bool) -> _CardFacts | None:
        """Read one image's header; ``parse`` adds the seed and positive title.

        None when the file cannot be read at all (corrupt, locked, vanishing).
        """
        try:
            width, height, records = _card_header(path)
        except (OSError, ValueError, Image.DecompressionBombError):
            # A corrupt or disappearing preview must not hide the listing.
            return None
        if not parse:
            return _CardFacts(width, height, None, None)
        # Parsed after the handle closes, so a concurrent rename or delete
        # (which Windows refuses on open files) is not held up by it.
        return _CardFacts(width, height, *self._card_parse(path, records))

    def _card_facts(self, entry: tuple, *, parse: bool) -> _CardFacts:
        """One listed image's card facts, read once per ``(path, mtime)``.

        Kept beside the scan's per-file values (``_workspace_listed``) and
        invalidated the same way: a rescan keeps the facts of unchanged files
        and drops the rest, and a roots change drops them all. Only files of
        the current scan are stored, so the cache is bounded by the listing.
        """
        path, mtime, root, index = entry[:4]
        root_key, key = (index, str(root)), (path, mtime)
        cached = self._workspace_card_cache.get(root_key, {}).get(key)
        if cached is not None:
            return cached
        facts = self._read_card_facts(path, parse=parse)
        if facts is None:
            # Not stored: a locked or half-written file may read next time.
            return _NO_CARD_FACTS
        listed = self._workspace_listed_cache.get(root_key)
        if parse and listed is not None and key in listed[2]:
            self._workspace_card_cache.setdefault(root_key, {})[key] = facts
        return facts

    def _format_workspace_page(
        self, page: list[tuple], *, linked: bool = True
    ) -> list[dict]:
        """Workspace descriptors; ``linked`` adds card facts (link, seed, favorite)."""
        images = self._format_output_page(page, scoped=True)
        entries = {
            (entry[3], entry[0].relative_to(entry[2]).as_posix()): entry
            for entry in page
        }
        summaries = (
            self._workspace_link_summaries(
                [str(entry[0]) for entry in entries.values()]
            )
            if linked
            else {}
        )
        for image in images:
            entry = entries[(image["root_index"], image["path"])]
            # Videos: the card reads no video metadata. Library previews show
            # no card facts, so they skip the parse (``parse=linked``).
            facts = (
                _NO_CARD_FACTS
                if image["is_video"]
                else self._card_facts(entry, parse=linked)
            )
            image["width"], image["height"] = facts.width, facts.height
            if not linked:
                continue
            image["seed"] = facts.seed
            summary = summaries.get(str(entry[0])) or _unavailable_link()
            image["linked"] = _card_link(summary, facts.positive_title)
        if linked:
            # Image cards carry the star; Library previews show none.
            favorites = self._workspace_favorites(page)
            for image in images:
                image["favorite"] = (image["root_index"], image["path"]) in favorites
        return images

    def _format_output_page(self, page, *, scoped=False):
        entries = []
        public_roots = {}
        for media_path, _mtime, output_path, root_index in page:
            if output_path not in public_roots:
                public_roots[output_path] = _public_path(output_path)
            try:
                entries.append(
                    _output_image_entry(
                        media_path,
                        output_path,
                        root_index,
                        public_roots[output_path],
                        root_scope=(
                            self._gallery_root_scope(output_path, root_index)
                            if scoped
                            else None
                        ),
                    )
                )
            except Exception as e:
                self.logger.error(f"Error processing media {media_path.name}: {e}")
        return entries